CHAPTER 4 (birth and physical development during the first 3 years) Flashcards
The act or process of giving birth.
parturition
The birth process consists of three stages: (1) dilation of the cervix, (2) descent and emergence of the baby, and (3) expulsion of the umbilical cord and the placenta.
hehe
Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.
cesarean delivery
Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.
natural childbirth
Method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.
prepared childbirth
An experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor.
doula
First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.
neonatal period
Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old.
neonate
Condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly.
neonatal jaundice
Neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate’s responses to the environment.
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
Standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
Apgar scale
An infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity.
state of arousal
Weight of less than 51⁄2 pounds (2,500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date.
low-birth-weight babies
Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation.
preterm (premature) infants
Infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth.
small-for-date (small-for- gestational age) infants
Who Is Likely to Have a Low-Birth-Weight Baby?
(1)demographic and socioeconomic factors, (2) medical factors predating the pregnancy, (3) prenatal behavioral and environmental factors(4) medical conditions associated with the pregnancy,
REMEMBER!!!
Method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth.
kangaroo care
Influences that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes.
protective factors
A fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period.
postmature
Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.
stillbirth
Proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year.
infant mortality rate
Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk.
cephalocaudal principle
Principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.
proximodistal principle
Process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups.
integration
Process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions.
differentiation
Automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation.
reflex behaviors
-Baby is dropped or hears loud noise.
-Extends legs, arms, and fingers, arches back, draws back head.
Moro
-Palm of baby’s hand is stroked.
-Makes strong fist; can be raised to standing position if both fists are closed around a stick.
Darwinian (grasping)
-Baby is laid down on back.
-Turns head to one side, assumes fencer position, extends arm and leg on preferred side, flexes opposite limbs
Tonic neck
-Both of baby’s palms are stroked at once.
-Mouth opens, eyes close, neck flexes, head tilts forward.
Babkin
-Sole of baby’s foot is stroked.
-Toes fan out; foot twists in.
Babinski
- Baby’s cheek or lower lip is stroked with finger or nipple.
-Head turns; mouth opens; sucking movements begin.
Rooting
-Baby is held under arms, with bare feet touching flat surface.
-Makes steplike motions that look like well-coordinated walking
Walking
-Baby is put into water face down.
-Makes well-coordinated swimming movements.
Swimming
Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.
systems of action
Screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally.
Denver Developmental Screening Test
Physical skills that involve the large muscles.
gross motor skills
Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.
fine motor skills
Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.
visual guidance
Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally.
depth perception
Ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them.
haptic perception
Apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants.
visual cliff
Theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts.
ecological theory of perception
Esther Thelen’s theory, which holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment.
dynamic systems theory (DST)
