CHAPTER 6 (psychosocial development during the first three years) Flashcards
The relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes à person unique.
personality
Beginning in the 2nd month, newborn infants gaze at their parents and smile at them, signaling positive participation in the relationship.
Social smiling
Infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling.
anticipatory smiling
Emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness.
self-conscious emotions
Realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things.
self-awareness
Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior.
self-evaluative emotions
Activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward.
altruistic behavior
Ability to put oneself in another person’s place. and feel what the other person feels.
empathy
Characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations.
temperament
Children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences.
“easy” children
Children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses.
“difficult” children
Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences.
“slow-to-warm-up” children
Appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament.
goodness of fit
Socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.
gender-typing
Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects.
basic sense of trust versus mistrust
Reciprocal, enduring tie between two people–especially between infant and caregiver–each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship.
attachment
Laboratory technique used to study infant attachment.
Strange Situation
Pattern in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver on his or her return.
secure attachment
Pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return.
avoidant attachment
Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.
ambivalent (resistant) attachment
Pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on his or her return.
disorganized-disoriented attachment
Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the 1st year.
stranger anxiety
Distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves.
separation anxiety
Process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.
mutual regulation
Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking another person’s perception of it.
social referencing
Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.
self-concept
Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial! development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and controł by others.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society.
socialization
During socialization, the process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own.
internalization
A child’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations.
self-regulation
Internal standards of behavior, which usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated.
conscience
Kochanska’s term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control.
situational compliance
Kochanska’s term for wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without reminders or lapses.
committed compliance
Kochanska’s term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play.
receptive cooperation
Action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury.
physical abuse
Failure to meet a dependent’s basic needs.
neglect
Physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person.
sexual abuse
Rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders.
emotional maltreatment
Slowed or arrėsted physical growth with no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning.
nonorganic failure to thrive
Form of maltreatment in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death.
shaken baby syndrome
