CHAPTER 6 (psychosocial development during the first three years)

Question 1

The relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes à person unique.

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

Beginning in the 2nd month, newborn infants gaze at their parents and smile at them, signaling positive participation in the relationship.

Answer 2

Social smiling

Question 3

Infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling.

Answer 3

anticipatory smiling

Question 4

Emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness.

Answer 4

self-conscious emotions

Question 5

Realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things.

Answer 5

self-awareness

Question 6

Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior.

Answer 6

self-evaluative emotions

Question 7

Activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward.

Answer 7

altruistic behavior

Question 8

Ability to put oneself in another person’s place. and feel what the other person feels.

Answer 8

empathy

Question 9

Characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations.

Answer 9

temperament

Question 10

Children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences.

Answer 10

“easy” children

Question 11

Children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses.

Answer 11

“difficult” children

Question 12

Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences.

Answer 12

“slow-to-warm-up” children

Question 13

Appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament.

Answer 13

goodness of fit

Question 14

Socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.

Answer 14

gender-typing

Question 15

Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects.

Answer 15

basic sense of trust versus mistrust

Question 16

Reciprocal, enduring tie between two people–especially between infant and caregiver–each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship.

Answer 16

attachment

Question 17

Laboratory technique used to study infant attachment.

Answer 17

Strange Situation

Question 18

Pattern in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver on his or her return.

Answer 18

secure attachment

Question 19

Pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return.

Answer 19

avoidant attachment

Question 20

Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.

Answer 20

ambivalent (resistant) attachment

Question 21

Pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on his or her return.

Answer 21

disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 22

Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the 1st year.

Answer 22

stranger anxiety

Question 23

Distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves.

Answer 23

separation anxiety

Question 24

Process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.

Answer 24

mutual regulation

Question 25

Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking another person’s perception of it.

Answer 25

social referencing

Question 26

Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.

Answer 26

self-concept

Question 27

Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial! development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and controł by others.

Answer 27

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 28

Development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society.

Answer 28

socialization

Question 29

During socialization, the process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own.

Answer 29

internalization

Question 30

A child’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations.

Answer 30

self-regulation

Question 31

Internal standards of behavior, which usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated.

Answer 31

conscience

Question 32

Kochanska’s term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control.

Answer 32

situational compliance

Question 33

Kochanska’s term for wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without reminders or lapses.

Answer 33

committed compliance

Question 34

Kochanska’s term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play.

Answer 34

receptive cooperation

Question 35

Action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury.

Answer 35

physical abuse

Question 36

Failure to meet a dependent’s basic needs.

Answer 36

neglect

Question 37

Physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person.

Answer 37

sexual abuse

Question 38

Rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders.

Answer 38

emotional maltreatment

Question 39

Slowed or arrėsted physical growth with no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning.

Answer 39

nonorganic failure to thrive

Question 40

Form of maltreatment in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death.

Answer 40

shaken baby syndrome