CHAPTER 7 (physical and cognitive development in early childhood) Flashcards
Repeated urination in clothing or in bed.
enuresis
Physical skills that involve the large muscles.
gross motor skills
Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.
fine motor skills
Increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.
systems of action
Preference for using a particular hand.
handedness
In Piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic.
preoperational stage
Piaget’s term for ability to use mental representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.
symbolic function
Play involving imaginary people and situations; also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginative play.
pretend play
Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s tendency to mentally link particular phenomena, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship.
transduction
In Piaget’s theory, the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.
centration
In Piaget’s terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation.
decenter
Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s thought.
egocentrism
Piaget’s term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certaín measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object.
conservation
Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.
irreversibility
Awareness and understanding of mental processes.
theory of mind
Process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval.
encoding
Retention of information in memory for future use.
storage
Process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage.
retrieval
Initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information.
sensory memory
Short-term storage of information being actively processed.
Working memory
Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.
executive function
Storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods.
long-term memory
In Baddeley’s model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information,
central executive
Ability to reproduce material from memory.
recall
Ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus.
recognition
Memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior.
generic memory
General remembered the outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior.
script
Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place.
episodic memory
Memory of specific events in one’s life.
autobiographical memory
Model, based on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, that proposes children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events.
Social interaction model
Individual intelligence tests for age 2 and up used to measure fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
Individual intelligence test for children ages 2 to 7 that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score.
Wechsier Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPS-V)
Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Temporary support to help a child master a task.
scaffolding
Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation
fast mapping
The practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes.
pragmatics
Speech intended to be understood by a listener.
social speech
Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others.
private speech
Preschoolers’ development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing.
emergent literacy
