CHAPTER 7 (physical and cognitive development in early childhood)

Question 1

Repeated urination in clothing or in bed.

Answer 1

enuresis

Question 2

Physical skills that involve the large muscles.

Answer 2

gross motor skills

Question 3

Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.

Answer 3

fine motor skills

Question 4

Increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.

Answer 4

systems of action

Question 5

Preference for using a particular hand.

Answer 5

handedness

Question 6

In Piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic.

Answer 6

preoperational stage

Question 7

Piaget’s term for ability to use mental representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.

Answer 7

symbolic function

Question 8

Play involving imaginary people and situations; also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginative play.

Answer 8

pretend play

Question 9

Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s tendency to mentally link particular phenomena, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship.

Answer 9

transduction

Question 10

In Piaget’s theory, the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.

Answer 10

centration

Question 11

In Piaget’s terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation.

Answer 11

decenter

Question 12

Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s thought.

Answer 12

egocentrism

Question 13

Piaget’s term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certaín measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object.

Answer 13

conservation

Question 14

Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.

Answer 14

irreversibility

Question 15

Awareness and understanding of mental processes.

Answer 15

theory of mind

Question 16

Process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval.

Answer 16

encoding

Question 17

Retention of information in memory for future use.

Answer 17

storage

Question 18

Process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage.

Answer 18

retrieval

Question 19

Initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information.

Answer 19

sensory memory

Question 20

Short-term storage of information being actively processed.

Answer 20

Working memory

Question 21

Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

Answer 21

executive function

Question 22

Storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods.

Answer 22

long-term memory

Question 23

In Baddeley’s model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information,

Answer 23

central executive

Question 24

Ability to reproduce material from memory.

Answer 24

recall

Question 25

Ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus.

Answer 25

recognition

Question 26

Memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior.

Answer 26

generic memory

Question 27

General remembered the outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior.

Answer 27

script

Question 28

Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place.

Answer 28

episodic memory

Question 29

Memory of specific events in one’s life.

Answer 29

autobiographical memory

Question 30

Model, based on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, that proposes children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events.

Answer 30

Social interaction model

Question 31

Individual intelligence tests for age 2 and up used to measure fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.

Answer 31

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Question 32

Individual intelligence test for children ages 2 to 7 that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score.

Answer 32

Wechsier Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPS-V)

Question 33

Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.

Answer 33

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 34

Temporary support to help a child master a task.

Answer 34

scaffolding

Question 35

Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation

Answer 35

fast mapping

Question 36

The practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes.

Answer 36

pragmatics

Question 37

Speech intended to be understood by a listener.

Answer 37

social speech

Question 38

Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others.

Answer 38

private speech

Question 39

Preschoolers’ development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing.

Answer 39

emergent literacy