CHAPTER 8 (psychosocial development in early childhood) Flashcards
Sense of self; descriptivę and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.
self-concept
Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself.
self-definition
In neo-Piagetian terminology, the first stage in development of self-definition, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms.
single representations
The self one actually is.
real self
The self one would like to be.
ideal self
In neo-Piagetian terminology, second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms.
representational mappings
The judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth.
self-esteem
Erikson’s third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so.
initiative versus guilt
Awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female.
gender identity
Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex, differ for males and females.
gender roles
Socialization process whereby children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.
gender-typing
Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior.
gender stereotypes
Darwin’s theory that gender roles developed in response to men’s and women’s differing reproductive needs.
theory of sexual selection
In Freudian theory, the process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex.
identification
Awareness that one will always be male or female: also called sex-category constancy.
gender constancy
Theory, proposed by Bem, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture.
gender-schema theory
Albert Bandura’s expansion of social learning theory holds that children learn gender roles through socialization .
social cognitive theory
Play involving repetitive large muscular movements.
functional play
Play involving use of objects materials to make something.
constructive play
Play involving imaginary people or situations, also called pretend play, fantasy play, or imaginative play.
dramatic play
Tendency to select playmates of one’s own gender.
gender segregation
Methods of molding children’s character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in’ acceptable behavior.
discipline
Üse of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or controł behavior.
corporal punishment
Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness.
inductive techniques
Disciplinary strategy designed to dis- courage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.
power assertion
Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring. isolating, or showing dislike for a child.
withdrawal of love
In Baumrind’s terminology. Parenting style emphasizing control and obedience.
authoritarian parenting
In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation.
permissive parenting
In Baumrind’s terminology., parenting style blending respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values.
authoritative parenting
Behavior intended to help others out of inner concern and without expectation of external reward; may involve self-denial or self-sacrifice.
altruism
Any vołuntary behavior intended to help others.
prosocial behavior
Aggressive behavior is used as a means of achieving a goal.
instrumental aggression
Aggression that is openly directed at its target.
overt (direct) aggression
Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person’s relationships, reputation, or
psychological well-being.
relational aggression
Organized games with known procedures and penalties.
formal games with rules
