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Breaking Bad > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

Every form of matter has two kinds of properties: _______ _________ and _______ _________

A

Chemical properties and physical properties

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2
Q

A mixture can be ___________ or ________

A

heterogeneous or homogeneous

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3
Q

What is the SI unit of mass

A

the kilogram (kg)

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4
Q

What is the SI unit of volume

A

the cubic metre (m^3)

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5
Q

How do you calculate volume

A

LengthWidthHeight

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6
Q

How do you calculate density

A

Mass/Volume

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7
Q

A substance that undergoes a physical change is still ____ _____ _______ after the change

A

the same substance

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8
Q

Every chemical and physical change in matter includes a change in _______

A

engery

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9
Q

What causes a solid to have a definite shape and volume

A

The solids fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles that can’t move past a vibration

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10
Q

What are the effects of a liquid’s closely packed, free moving particles

A

It has an indefinite shape but a definite volume

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11
Q

Why doesn’t gas have a definite shape and volume

A

because it has free moving particles that take up available space

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12
Q

How do you calculate pressure

A

force/area

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13
Q

What happens to a solid’s particles when they reach melting point

A

they vibrate fast enough to break free from their fixed positions

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14
Q

What happens to a liquid’s particles when they reach freezing point

A

they slow down until they take on fixed positions

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15
Q

When does vaporization occur

A

when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to move independently

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16
Q

When does condensation occur

A

when particles in a gas lose enough thermal energy to form a liquid

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17
Q

During sublimation what state is matter changed from and changed to

A

from solid to gas, skipping liquid state

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18
Q

When the temperature of a gas at constant volume is increased, the pressure of the gas ________

A

increases

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19
Q

When the temperature of a gas at constant volume is decreased the pressure of the gas ________

A

decreases

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20
Q

Which French scientist examined the relation between the temperature and volume of a gas kept at constant pressure

A

Jacque Charles

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21
Q

When the temperature of a gas at constant pressure is increased. it’s volume ______(Charles’ law)

A

increases

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22
Q

When the temperature of a gas at constant pressure is decreased, it’s volume ______ (Charles’ law)

A

decreases

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23
Q

When the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is increased, the volume _______ (Boyle’s Law)

A

decreases

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24
Q

When the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is decreased, the volume _______ (Boyle’s Law)

A

increases

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25
Q

What is at the center of an atom

A

a tiny, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons and a cloudlike region of moving electrons surrounding the nucleus

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26
Q

What helps determine the chemical properties of an element

A

the number of valance electrons it has

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27
Q

When a neutral atom loses an electron it gains a _______charge (and vice versa)

A

positive

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28
Q

In an ionic compound’s formula’s order which charge comes first

A

positive comes first, then negative

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29
Q

What do ionic compounds form

A

hard, brittle crystals that have high melting points and conduct electric current when melted or dissolved in water

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30
Q

What holds atoms together in a covalent bond

A

The attractions between the shared electrons and the protons in the nucleus of each atom

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31
Q

Do molecular compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted

A

no

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32
Q

Which generally has higher melting and boiling points: molecular or ionic compounds

A

ionic compounds

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33
Q

What causes covalently bonded atoms to have slight electric charges

A

unequal sharing of electrons

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34
Q

What is a metal crystal composed of

A

closely packed, positively charged metal ions with valence electrons drifting among the ions

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35
Q

What are the properties of metal

A

a shiny luster and high levels of malleability, ductility, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity

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36
Q

How can changes in matter be described

A

in terms of physical and chemical changes

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37
Q

What do chemical reactions involve

A

changes in properties and changes in energy which can often be observed

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38
Q

What does a chemical equation tell you

A

the substances you start with in a reaction and the substances that are formed at the end

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39
Q

What does the arrow in a chemical equation mean

A

“yields” or “reacts to form”

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40
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical reactions

A

synthesis, decomposition, and replacement

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41
Q

What do all chemical reactions need to start

A

a certain amount of activation energy

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42
Q

What factors affect the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs

A

surface area, temperature, concentration, and the presence of catalysts and inhibitors

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43
Q

What can a mixture be classified as

A

a colloid, solution, or suspension

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44
Q

What is a mixtures classification based on

A

the size of it’s largest particles

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45
Q

When does a solution form

A

when particles of the solute separate from each other and become surrounded by particles of the solvent

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46
Q

How can you change the concentration of a solution

A

by adding or removing solute or solvent

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47
Q

What factors can affect the solubility of a solution

A

pressure, type of solvent, and temperature

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48
Q

What are the properties of acids

A

react with metals and carbonates, tastes sour, and turns blue litmus paper red

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49
Q

What are the properties of a base

A

tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue

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50
Q

What ions does an acid produce in water

A

hydrogen ions (H^+)

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51
Q

What ions does a base produce in water

A

hydroxide ions (OH^-)

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52
Q

What happens in a neutralization reaction

A

an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water

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53
Q

What is acceleration in science

A

increasing speed, decreasing speed, or changing direction

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54
Q

What is the SI unit of acceleration

A

metres per second per second (m/s^2)

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55
Q

How do you calculate acceleration

A

Final Speed - Initial Speed/Time

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56
Q

Like velocity and acceleration a force is described by …

A

it’s strength and by the direction in which it acts

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57
Q

What is the SI unit of force

A

the newton

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58
Q

What causes a change in an object’s motion

A

a nonzero netforce

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59
Q

What are the two factors that affect the force of friction

A

the type of surface and how hard they are being pushed together

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60
Q

What two thing affect the gravitational atraction between objects

A

mass and distance

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61
Q

What is newtons first law

A

the law of inertia

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62
Q

What is newton’s second law

A

the relation between force, acceleration, and mass

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63
Q

What is newtons third law

A

the law of action and reaction

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64
Q

How do you calculate acceleration according to newton’s second law

A

Net force/Mass

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65
Q

How do you calculate net force (according to newton’s second law)

A

Mass * Acceleration

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66
Q

How do you calculate momentum

A

mass * velocity

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67
Q

What is the Si unit of momentum

A

kg*m/s

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68
Q

What does the law of conservation of momentum state

A

the total momentum of any group of objects remains the same, or is conserved, unless outside forces act on the objects

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69
Q

Why do satellites stay in orbit

A

because they constantly fall towards Earth, but because Earth is curved they miss it and travel around it

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70
Q

What is work

A

the transfer of energy

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71
Q

How do you calculate power

A

Energy Transferred/Time

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72
Q

What is power

A

the rate at which energy is transferred in a unit of time

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73
Q

What are the two basic types of energy

A

kinetic and potential energies

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74
Q

How do you calculate kinetic energy

A

0.5`Mass*Speed^2

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75
Q

What is the SI unit of work and energy

A

Joules

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76
Q

How do you calculate gravitational potential energy

A

Weight*Height

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77
Q

How do you calculate mechanical energy

A

kinetic energy+potential energy

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78
Q

What is the ability to do work

A

mechanical energy

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79
Q

What forms of energy are associated with the particles of an object

A

nuclear energy, thermal energy, electrical energy, electromagnetic energy, and chemical energy

80
Q

All forms of energy can be transformed into ….

A

other forms of energy

81
Q

Can energy be created or destroyed (the law of conservation of energy)

82
Q

What is energy

A

The ability to do work or cause change

83
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

energy that an object has due to it’s motion

84
Q

What is potential energy

A

The energy an object because of it’s position; also the internal stored energy of an object, such as energy stored in chemical bonds

85
Q

What is gravitational potential energy

A

Potential energy that depends on the height of an object

86
Q

What is elastic potential energy

A

The energy of stretched or compressed objects

87
Q

What is mechanical energy

A

Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object

88
Q

What is nuclear energy

A

The potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

89
Q

What is thermal energy

A

The total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles of an object

90
Q

What is electrical energy

A

The energy of electrical charges

91
Q

What is electromagnetic energy

A

The energy of light and other forms of radiation, which travels through space as waves

92
Q

What is chemical energy

A

A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms

93
Q

What is energy transformation

A

A change from one form of energy to another; also called an energy conversion

94
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy

A

The rule that energy cannot be created or destroyed

95
Q

What is acceleration

A

The rate at which velocity changes

96
Q

What is a force

A

A push or pull exerted on an object

97
Q

What is a newton

A

A unit of measurement that equals the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at 1 metre per second per second

98
Q

What is a net force

A

The overall force on an object when all the individual forces acting on it are added together

99
Q

What is friction

A

The force that two surfaces exert on each other when they rub against each other

100
Q

What is sliding friction

A

Friction that occurs when one surface slides over another

101
Q

What is static friction

A

Friction that acts between objects that are not moving

102
Q

What is rolling friction

A

Friction that occurs when an object rolls over a surface

103
Q

What is fluid friction

A

Friction that occurs as an object moves through a fluid

104
Q

What is gravity

A

The attractive force between objects; the force that moves objects downhill

105
Q

What is mass

A

A measure of how much matter is in an object

106
Q

What is weight

A

A measure of the force of gravity acting on an object

107
Q

What is inertia

A

The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion

108
Q

What is momentum

A

The product of an objects mass and velocity

109
Q

What is the law of conservation of momentum

A

The rule that in the absence of outside forces the total momentum of objects that interact doesn’t change

110
Q

What is free fall

A

The motion of a falling object when the only force acting on it is gravity

111
Q

What is a satellite

A
  1. AN object that orbits a planet 2. Any object that orbits around another object in space
112
Q

What is a centripetal force

A

A force that causes an object to move in a cirlce

113
Q

What is a solution

A

A mixture containing a solvent and at least one solute that has the same properties throughout; a mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another

114
Q

What is a solvent

A

The part of a solution that is usually present in the largest amount and dissolves a solute

115
Q

What is a solute

A

The part of a solution that is dissolved by a solvent

116
Q

What is a colloid

A

A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out

117
Q

What is a suspension

A

A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

118
Q

What is a dilute solution

A

A mixture that has only a little solute dissolved in it

119
Q

What is a concentrated solution

A

The amount of one material in a certain volume of another material

120
Q

What is solubility

A

A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent at a given temperature

121
Q

What is a saturated solution

A

A mixture that contains as much dissolved solute as is possible at a given temperature

122
Q

What is corrosive

A

The way in which acids react with some metals so as to wear away the metal

123
Q

What is an indicator

A

A compound that changes colour in the presence of an acid or a base

124
Q

What is a hydrogen ion (H^+)

A

A positively charged ion (H^+) formed of a hydrogen atom that has lost it’s electron

125
Q

What is a hydroxide ion (OH^-)

A

A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen (OH^-)

126
Q

What is the pH scale

A

A range of values used to indicate how acidic or basic a substance is

127
Q

What is a salt

A

An ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base

128
Q

What is a physical change

A

A change that alters the form or appearance of a material but does not make the material into another substance

129
Q

What is a chemical change

A

A change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances

130
Q

What is a reactant

A

A substance that enters into a chemical reaction

131
Q

What is a product

A

A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction

132
Q

What is a precipitate

A

A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction

133
Q

What is an exothermic reaction

A

A reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat

134
Q

What is an endothermic reaction

A

A reaction that absorbs energy

135
Q

What is a chemical equation

A

A short, easy way to show the elements in a compound and the ratio of atoms

136
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass

A

The principle that the total amount of matter is neither created nor destroyed during any chemical or physical change

137
Q

What is an open system

A

A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings

138
Q

What is a closed system

A

A system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave

139
Q

What is a coefficient

A

A number in front of a chemical formula in an equation that indicates how many molecules or atoms of each reactant and product are involved in a reaction

140
Q

What is synthesis

A

A chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a new, more complex substance

141
Q

What is decomposition

A

A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products

142
Q

What is replacement

A

A reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound or when two elements in different compounds trade places

143
Q

What is activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

144
Q

What is concentration

A

The amount of one material in a certain volume of another material

145
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A material that increases the rate if a reaction by lowering that activation energy

146
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reactions in a living thing

147
Q

What is an inhibitor

A

A material that decreases the rate of a chemical reaction

148
Q

What is a valence electron

A

The electrons that are in the highest energy level of an atom and that are involved in chemical bonding

149
Q

What is an electron dot diagram

A

A representation of the valence electrons in an atom, using dots

150
Q

What is a chemical bond

A

The force of attraction that holds two atoms together

151
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

152
Q

What is a molecule

A

A neutral group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

153
Q

What is a double bond

A

A chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons

154
Q

What is a triple bond

A

A chemical bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons

155
Q

What us a molecular compound

A

A compound that is composed of molecules

156
Q

What is a nonpolar bond

A

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally

157
Q

What is a polar bond

A

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally

158
Q

What is a metallic bond

A

An attraction between a positive metal ion and the electrons surrounding it

159
Q

What is an alloy

A

A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which being a metal

160
Q

What is a colloid

A

A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out

161
Q

What is a crystalline solid

A

A solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

162
Q

What is an amorphous solid

A

a solid made up of particles that are not arranged in a regular pattern

163
Q

What is a liquid

A

A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume

164
Q

What is a fluid

A

Any substance that can flow

165
Q

What is surface tension

A

The result of an inward pull among that molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together; causes the surface to act as if it has a thin skin

166
Q

What is viscosity

A

A liquid’s resistance to flowing

167
Q

What is a gas

A

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume

168
Q

What is pressure

A

The force pushing on a surface divided by that area of that surface (Force/Area)

169
Q

What is melting

A

The change in state from solid to liquid

170
Q

What is a melting point

A

The temperature at which a solid melts

171
Q

What is freezing

A

The change in state from a liquid to a solid

172
Q

What is vaporization

A

The change in state from a liquid to gas

173
Q

What is evaporization

A

The process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to a gas

174
Q

What is boiling

A

Vaporization that occurs at and below the surface of a liquid

175
Q

What is a boiling point

A

The temperature at which a liquid boils

176
Q

What is condensation

A

The change in state from a gas to a liquid

177
Q

What is sublimation

A

The change in state from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state

178
Q

What is something directly proportional

A

A term used to describe the relationship between two variables

179
Q

What is something inversely proportional

A

A term used to describe the relationship between two variables whose product is constant

180
Q

What is matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

181
Q

What is chemistry

A

The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes

182
Q

What is a substance

A

A single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties

183
Q

What is a physical property

A

A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance

184
Q

What is a chemical property

A

A characteristic of a substance that describes it’s ability to change into different substances

185
Q

What is an element

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means

186
Q

What is an atom

A

The basic particle from which all elements are made, the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element

187
Q

What is a chemical bond

A

The force of attraction that holds two atoms together

188
Q

What is a molecule

A

A neutral group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

189
Q

What is a compound

A

A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a specific ratio, or proprtion

190
Q

What is a chemical formula

A

Symbols that show the elements in a compound and the ratio of atoms

191
Q

What is a mixture

A

Two or more substances that are together in the same place but their atoms are not chemically bonded

192
Q

What is the International System of Units

A

A system of units used by scientists to measure the properties of matter

193
Q

What is volume

A

The amount of space that matter occupies

194
Q

What is density

A

The measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in a given volume

195
Q

What is a physical change

A

A change that alters the form or appearance of a material but doesn’t make the material into another substance

196
Q

What is a chemical change

A

A change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances

197
Q

What is chemical energy

A

A form of proportional energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms

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