Finals 1 - Groundwater Engineering and Hydrogeology

Question 1

any water located beneath the surface of the ground with soil pores or fractures of rock.

Answer 1

Groundwater

Question 2

all water flowing through or stored within the ground, in both rocks and soils

Answer 2

Groundwater

Question 3

is the analysis, monitoring and often modelling of this water to better understand how much remains and if the water can be used.

Answer 3

Groundwater engineering

Question 4

Processes of the Hydrologic Cycle

Answer 4

Rainfall/Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Runoff
Infiltration

Question 5

is the ultimate source of all fresh water, and when it (rainfall) lands on the ground surface, it is dispersed through evapotranspiration, runoff or infiltration

Answer 5

Precipitation

Question 6

3 types of precipitation

Answer 6

• Convectional precipitation
• Frontal precipitation
• Orographic precipitation

Question 7

Common in the tropics, the air close to the warm earth gets heated and rises due to its low density, cools to form cauliflower clouds which finally bursts into a thunder storm.

Answer 7

Convectional Precipitation

Question 8

When two air masses due to contrasting temperatures and densities clash with each other and condensation occur at the surface of contact, called “front” or “frontal surface”

Answer 8

Frontal Precipitation

Question 9

Mechanical lifting of moist air over mountain barriers causing heavy precipitation on the windward side.

Answer 9

Orographic Precipitation

Question 10

Loss of water either from the water surface and soil surface or from plant leaves.

Answer 10

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

Question 11

if the loss is coming from free water surfaces (reservoirs, lakes, ponds, river channels, etc.) and soil surface (esp. when the groundwater table is very near the soil surface)

Answer 11

Evaporation

Question 12

The process by which the water vapor escapes from the living plant leaves and enters the atmosphere

Answer 12

Transpiration

Question 13

Surface water flow into streams and rivers.

Answer 13

RUNOFF

Question 14

Seepage to the ground of runoff to become groundwater

Answer 14

INFILTRATION

Question 15

is the ability of a rock to transmit water through its interconnected voids

Answer 15

Permeability

Question 16

Permeability is measured by _____________ k, also known as coefficient of permeability

Answer 16

hydraulic conductivity

Question 17

flow through a unit area of a material in unit time with unit hydraulic head (m/s, m/day)

Answer 17

Hydraulic conductivity

Question 18

If k is high, permeability of the rock is high, thus it transmits water ______

Answer 18

faster

Question 19

Rocks can be classified due to permeability

Answer 19

aquifer, aquiclude, aquifuge and aquitard.

Question 20

Rock with significant permeability suitable for groundwater abstraction (can contain water)

Answer 20

Aquifer

Question 21

Impermeable rock with static water held in poorly connected soils (clay)

Answer 21

Aquiclude

Question 22

Impermeable rocks with no voids, thus water cannot pass through

Answer 22

Aquifuge

Question 23

Rock with very low permeability, unsuitable for abstraction but significant in regional water balance

Answer 23

Aquitard

Question 24

The level in the rocks below which all voids are water-filled, it generally follows the surface topography but with less relief, and meets the ground surface at lakes and most rivers

Answer 24

Water Table/Ground Water Table

Question 25

The unsaturated zone above the water table.

Answer 25

Vadose Zone

Question 26

The saturated zone below the water level.

Answer 26

Phreatic Zone

Question 27

When soil and rock particles have high cohesive forces, these tend to produce capillary rise, or the rise of the water table due to surface tension.

Answer 27

Capillary Rise Zone

Question 28

attraction between like-particles

Answer 28

COHESION