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Engineering Geology > 3- Mineralogy > Flashcards

3- Mineralogy Flashcards

1
Q

naturally occurring, solid earth materials formed by geologic processes

A

minerals

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2
Q

smallest part of a chemical element that can take part of a chemical reaction or combine with another atom

A

atom

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3
Q

isotopes that are unstable and undergo nuclear decay

A

radioisotopes

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4
Q

minerals must be

A

naturally formed
solid
characteristic chemical formula
characteristic crystalline structure

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5
Q

substance composed of two or more elements that can be represented by a chemical formula

A

compound

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6
Q

how to idenfy minerals

A

by chemical composition and physical characteristics

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7
Q

attraction between atoms, sharing of electrons

A

chemical bonding

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8
Q

sharing of electrons

A

covalent bond

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9
Q

attraction of negatively and positively charged ions, more soluble and dissolves in water

A

ionic bonds

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10
Q

weak attraction between chains of ions that themselves are bonded by strong covalent/ionic bonds

A

van der waals bonds

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11
Q

attraction between metal atoms

A

metallic bonds

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12
Q

minerals that include silicon and oxygen

A

silicate

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13
Q

most abundant of the rock forming minerals

A

silicate

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14
Q

pyramidal shaped tetrahedron with relatively large oxygen ions at the corners and a small silicon ion in the center

A

silicate

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15
Q 
silicon dioxide
most abundant silicates in the crust of the earth
fractures conchoidally 
colorless/clear
harder than glass
A

quartz

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16
Q

aluminosilicates
60% of the crust
important in the ceramics and glass industries

A

feldspar

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17
Q

two major type of feldspar

A

alkali feldspar and plagioclase feldspar

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18
Q

silicates where si and o combine with fe and mg
not very resistant to weathering
tend to be altered/removed quickly

A

ferromagnesian minerals

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19
Q

three groups of fe-mg minerals

A

olivine
pyroxene
amphibole

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20
Q

formed from magma solidification

A

olivine

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21
Q

formed from pure fe-mg

A

pyroxene

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22
Q

double chained si-o tetrahedra

A

amphibole

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23
Q

minerals that contain the oxide anion O2 bonded to one or more metal ions

A

oxides

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24
Q

types of oxide:

A

Hematite
Bauxite
Magnetite

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25
Q

oxides that contains iron FE203

A

Hematite

26
Q

Mixture of several aluminum oxides

A

Bauxite

27
Q

oxygen des that Contains iron Fe304 and a natural magnet

A

Magnetite

28
Q

Contains carbonate ions

Major constituent of limestone and marvles

A

Carbonates

29
Q

minerals with a dominant halide

Sx: table salt(halite)

A

Halides

30
Q

Minerals containin sulfur anion

Always associated with environmental degradation

A

Sulfides

31
Q

Minerals containing sulfate ion within their structures

A

Sulfates

32
Q

Minerals containing pgospate anion

Very few are common

A

Phosphate

33
Q

Minerals formed of a single element (gold, copper, diamond)
Valuable
Found in mining

A

Native Element Minerals

34
Q

The identification of minerals from patter recognition and testing for particular properties or characteristics of minerals

A

Physical Characteristics

35
Q

Physical characteristic:

A 
Color
Streak
Luster
Density
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
36
Q

the perception when different wavelengths of visible light are incident upon the eye

A

Color

37
Q

minerals that exhibit coloration that is directly related to its chemical composition

A

Idiochromatic minerals

38
Q

minerals that exhibit coloration due to presence of an impurity, foreign element or a defect in it lattice structure

A

Allochromatic mineral

39
Q

Color of a mineral subs when it has been ground to a fine powder

A

Streak

40
Q

refers to the wayf of light is teflected

A

Luster

41
Q

High rate of light absorption

A

Opaque

42
Q

Permits passing of lights into it

A

Transparent

43
Q

luster reflect light very poorly and dont shine

A

dull/earthly

44
Q

luster possesses a sheen

A

Resinous

45
Q

appears iridescent, opalescent

A

Pearly

46
Q

luster appears to be covered with a thin layer of oil

A

Greasy

47
Q

occurs whent light is reflected off of an aggregate of fine parallel fibers

A

Silky

48
Q

luster occurs in minerals with predominant ionic binding and resembles the effective quality of a broken glass

A

Vitreous

49
Q

luster are highly dispersive and transluscent, has a sparkling reflection of a diamond

A

Adamantine or brilliant

50
Q

the level of difficulty with which a smooth surface of a ineral specimen may be scratched

A

Hardness

51
Q

tendency of minerals to split along a definite structural planes, usually in planes where there are weaker bond strengths

A

Cleavage

52
Q

Quality of cleavage:

A 
Eminent
Perfect
Distinct
Difficult
Imperfect
Indistinct
53
Q

cleavage occuresnreadily; difficult to prevent from occuring

A

Eminent

54
Q

Cleavage breaks easily, exposing continuous, flat surfaces which reflect light

A

Perfect

55
Q

implies tgat cleavage surfaces are present, although they are marred by fractures or inperfections

A

Distinct

56
Q

Occurs when mineral is split in a direction which doesnt serve as a plane of perfect or distinct cleavage

A

Fracture

57
Q

Takes place aling a plane possessing difficult, indistinct, or non existing cleavage

A

Fracture

58
Q

Types of fracture:

A

Choncoidal, irregular/uneven, hackly

59
Q

results in a series of smoothly cyrved concentric rings about a stressed point, producing a shell-like appearance

A

Conchoidal fracture

60
Q

Fractures in rough, rugged surface

A

uneven/irregular

61
Q

describes a fractured surface with a multiple small, sharp and jagged irregularities

A

Hackly

Engineering Geology (10 decks)

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