3- Mineralogy

Question 1

naturally occurring, solid earth materials formed by geologic processes

Answer 1

minerals

Question 2

smallest part of a chemical element that can take part of a chemical reaction or combine with another atom

Answer 2

atom

Question 3

isotopes that are unstable and undergo nuclear decay

Answer 3

radioisotopes

Question 4

minerals must be

Answer 4

naturally formed
solid
characteristic chemical formula
characteristic crystalline structure

Question 5

substance composed of two or more elements that can be represented by a chemical formula

Answer 5

compound

Question 6

how to idenfy minerals

Answer 6

by chemical composition and physical characteristics

Question 7

attraction between atoms, sharing of electrons

Answer 7

chemical bonding

Question 8

sharing of electrons

Answer 8

covalent bond

Question 9

attraction of negatively and positively charged ions, more soluble and dissolves in water

Answer 9

ionic bonds

Question 10

weak attraction between chains of ions that themselves are bonded by strong covalent/ionic bonds

Answer 10

van der waals bonds

Question 11

attraction between metal atoms

Answer 11

metallic bonds

Question 12

minerals that include silicon and oxygen

Answer 12

silicate

Question 13

most abundant of the rock forming minerals

Answer 13

silicate

Question 14

pyramidal shaped tetrahedron with relatively large oxygen ions at the corners and a small silicon ion in the center

Answer 14

silicate

Question 15

silicon dioxide
most abundant silicates in the crust of the earth
fractures conchoidally 
colorless/clear
harder than glass

Answer 15

quartz

Question 16

aluminosilicates
60% of the crust
important in the ceramics and glass industries

Answer 16

feldspar

Question 17

two major type of feldspar

Answer 17

alkali feldspar and plagioclase feldspar

Question 18

silicates where si and o combine with fe and mg
not very resistant to weathering
tend to be altered/removed quickly

Answer 18

ferromagnesian minerals

Question 19

three groups of fe-mg minerals

Answer 19

olivine
pyroxene
amphibole

Question 20

formed from magma solidification

Answer 20

olivine

Question 21

formed from pure fe-mg

Answer 21

pyroxene

Question 22

double chained si-o tetrahedra

Answer 22

amphibole

Question 23

minerals that contain the oxide anion O2 bonded to one or more metal ions

Answer 23

oxides

Question 24

types of oxide:

Answer 24

Hematite
Bauxite
Magnetite

Question 25

oxides that contains iron FE203

Answer 25

Hematite

Question 26

Mixture of several aluminum oxides

Answer 26

Bauxite

Question 27

oxygen des that Contains iron Fe304 and a natural magnet

Answer 27

Magnetite

Question 28

Contains carbonate ions | Major constituent of limestone and marvles

Answer 28

Carbonates

Question 29

minerals with a dominant halide | Sx: table salt(halite)

Answer 29

Halides

Question 30

Minerals containin sulfur anion | Always associated with environmental degradation

Answer 30

Sulfides

Question 31

Minerals containing sulfate ion within their structures

Answer 31

Sulfates

Question 32

Minerals containing pgospate anion | Very few are common

Answer 32

Phosphate

Question 33

Minerals formed of a single element (gold, copper, diamond) Valuable Found in mining

Answer 33

Native Element Minerals

Question 34

The identification of minerals from patter recognition and testing for particular properties or characteristics of minerals

Answer 34

Physical Characteristics

Question 35

Physical characteristic:

Answer 35

``` Color Streak Luster Density Hardness Cleavage Fracture ```

Question 36

the perception when different wavelengths of visible light are incident upon the eye

Answer 36

Color

Question 37

minerals that exhibit coloration that is directly related to its chemical composition

Answer 37

Idiochromatic minerals

Question 38

minerals that exhibit coloration due to presence of an impurity, foreign element or a defect in it lattice structure

Answer 38

Allochromatic mineral

Question 39

Color of a mineral subs when it has been ground to a fine powder

Answer 39

Streak

Question 40

refers to the wayf of light is teflected

Answer 40

Luster

Question 41

High rate of light absorption

Answer 41

Opaque

Question 42

Permits passing of lights into it

Answer 42

Transparent

Question 43

luster reflect light very poorly and dont shine

Answer 43

dull/earthly

Question 44

luster possesses a sheen

Answer 44

Resinous

Question 45

appears iridescent, opalescent

Answer 45

Pearly

Question 46

luster appears to be covered with a thin layer of oil

Answer 46

Greasy

Question 47

occurs whent light is reflected off of an aggregate of fine parallel fibers

Answer 47

Silky

Question 48

luster occurs in minerals with predominant ionic binding and resembles the effective quality of a broken glass

Answer 48

Vitreous

Question 49

luster are highly dispersive and transluscent, has a sparkling reflection of a diamond

Answer 49

Adamantine or brilliant

Question 50

the level of difficulty with which a smooth surface of a ineral specimen may be scratched

Answer 50

Hardness

Question 51

tendency of minerals to split along a definite structural planes, usually in planes where there are weaker bond strengths

Answer 51

Cleavage

Question 52

Quality of cleavage:

Answer 52

``` Eminent Perfect Distinct Difficult Imperfect Indistinct ```

Question 53

cleavage occuresnreadily; difficult to prevent from occuring

Answer 53

Eminent

Question 54

Cleavage breaks easily, exposing continuous, flat surfaces which reflect light

Answer 54

Perfect

Question 55

implies tgat cleavage surfaces are present, although they are marred by fractures or inperfections

Answer 55

Distinct

Question 56

Occurs when mineral is split in a direction which doesnt serve as a plane of perfect or distinct cleavage

Answer 56

Fracture

Question 57

Takes place aling a plane possessing difficult, indistinct, or non existing cleavage

Answer 57

Fracture

Question 58

Types of fracture:

Answer 58

Choncoidal, irregular/uneven, hackly

Question 59

results in a series of smoothly cyrved concentric rings about a stressed point, producing a shell-like appearance

Answer 59

Conchoidal fracture

Question 60

Fractures in rough, rugged surface

Answer 60

uneven/irregular

Question 61

describes a fractured surface with a multiple small, sharp and jagged irregularities

Answer 61

Hackly