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Engineering Geology > 5 -Sediments and Surface Transfers > Flashcards

5 -Sediments and Surface Transfers Flashcards

1
Q

Fragmented materials that originate from weathering and erosion of rocks or unconsolidated deposits and are transported by, suspended in, or deposited by water.

A

Sediments

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2
Q

soil material subsequently transported away from its source, mostly by water

A

Sediments

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3
Q

it is essentially the erosional environment (source of sediment)

A

Land

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4
Q

It is essentially the Depositional Environment

A

Sea

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5
Q

Mineral grains (mostly quartz, muscovite), rock fragments and volcanic debris

A

Sandstone

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6
Q

breakdown products, organic debris mainly dominated by plant material

A

Clay

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7
Q

organic debris dominated by marine shell debris, dominantly calcite solutes from sea water due to biological activity

A

Limestone

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8
Q

It is the movement of sediments

A

Sediment transport

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9
Q

How sediments are collected and added to a landform or landmass

A

Sediment Deposition

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10
Q

It is the far most important agent of sediment transport, followed by WIND and ICE

A

Water

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11
Q

when suspended in water, coarser debris have lower velocities than finer debris

A

Stoke’s Law

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12
Q

Water’s ability to transport sediment depends on its ____

A

Velocity

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13
Q

____ works on the steeper slopes producing landslides and colluvium (loose unconsolidated soil in hillsides(

A

Gravity

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14
Q

It moves only fine particles

A

Wind

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15
Q

_____ Transports are powerful, but restricted by climate

A

Ice

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16
Q

_____________ may blast debris over limited distances

A

Volcqnic activity

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17
Q

Sediment deposition that are sorted and stratified, mostly sand and clay. Mostly forms alluvium and lake sediments

A

Water on land

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18
Q

Sediment deposition which is the final destinstion of sediments.

A

Sea

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19
Q

Sediment Deposition which is unsorted debris dumped in the melt zones of glaciers

A

Ice

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20
Q

The process by which a weak, loose sediment is turned into stronger sedimentary rocks

A

Lithification

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21
Q

Lithification is also known as _____ in geology and _____ in engineering

A

Diagenesis , Consolidation

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22
Q

Refers to the changes which take place to the sediments after depositions

A

Lithification

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23
Q

Induced by burial pressure and increased temperature and is characterized by notable strength increase

A

Lithification

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24
Q

The three makn processes of Lithification

A

Compaction
Cementation and
Crystallization

25
Q

It is restructing and change in grain packing, with decrease in volume due to burial pressure, with consequent reduction of porosity as water is squeezed out.

A

Compaction

26
Q

The filling of the inter-granular pore spaces by deposition of a mineral cement brought in by circulating ground water.

A

Cementation

27
Q

a small scale of solution and deposition of mineral, so that some grains become smaller and some become larger.
This is similar to cementation but the results are stronger than mosaic fixture

A

Crystallization

28
Q

Formed by weathering processes that break down rocks into pebble, sand or clay particles by exposure to wind, ice, and water (moving fluids) aka DETRITAL ROCKS

A

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

29
Q

Formed by chemical reactions and precipitation of different elements dissolved in water chiefly in the ocean aka CHEMICAL ROCKS

A

Non-clastic sedimentary rocks

30
Q

Example of Clastic rocks (5)

A 
Conglomerate
Breccia
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
31
Q

It is composed of rounded gravel, pebbles, cobbles or boulders along with similar rock pieces

A

Conglomerate

32
Q

Similar to conglomerate but its gravel, pebbles, cobbles or boulders have a sharper, angular shape

A

Breccia

33
Q

Composed of sand

A

Sandstone

34
Q

Composed of silt

A

Siltstone

35
Q

Composed of clay-sized particles

smaller than 4 micrometers in diameter

A

Shale

36
Q

Example of Non-clastic sedimentary rocks (4)

A

Limestone
Halite
Rock Gypsum
Chert

37
Q

Composed of mineral calcite, may contain or may be made of marine fossils, formed by precipitation from water

A

Limestone

38
Q

Composed of sodium and chlorine, formed by evaporation

A

Halite

39
Q

Composed of gypsum, formed by evaporation

A

Rock Gypsum

40
Q

Composed of microscopic mineral grains of quartz, very hard with sharp edges

A

Chert

41
Q

Refers to the way sediment layers are staxked kver each other and can occur on the scale of hundreds of meter, and down to submillimetwr scale. It is a fundamental feature of sedimentary rocks.

A

Stratification

42
Q

are large scale reflection of transport of gravel and sand by currents that flow over the sediment surface (river channels). Sediment is moved up and eroded along a gentle up-current slope, re-deposited on the down current slope

A

CROSS-BEDDING

43
Q

when the grain size within a bed decreases upwards. Commonly associated with turbulent suspension flows, they are initiated by slope failure, or earthquake that triggers down slope movement of sediment.

A

GRADED BEDDING

44
Q

produced by flowing water or wave action, similar to cross-bedding, only on a smaller scale

A

RIPPLE MARKS

45
Q

form when a water rich in mud dries out on the air.

A

MUD CRACKS

46
Q

when remains of a number of biologically-created organisms exist in a sedimentary structure

A

FOSSILS

47
Q

contain the actual organism remain

A

BODY FOSSILS

48
Q

contain geological records of a biological activity (footprint, burrows, imprints)

A

TRACE FOSSILS

49
Q

Example of Continental Depositional environments (4)

A

Alluvial, Aeolian, fluvial and Lacrustine

50
Q

Example of Transitional Depositional Environments (3)

A

Deltaic
Lagoonal
Beach

51
Q

Example ofMarine Depositional Environments

A

Shallow Water Marine
Deep water marine
Reef

52
Q

Types of sedimentary environments

A

Continental, Depositional, marine, evaporite, glacial, volcanic

53
Q

– is loose, unconsolidated environment which has been eroded, reshaped by water into another form and re-deposited in a non-marine setting

A

Alluvial (Alluvium, Alluvial Fan)

54
Q

similar to alluvial fan, but deposition is via action of wind. Also known as dunes.

A

Aeolian (Eolian)

55
Q

processes associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them.

A

Fluvial

56
Q

water localized in a basin, surrounded by land apart, may or maybe connected by any river or other outlet. Also known as lakes.

A

Lacustrine

57
Q

landform formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake or reservoir. Generally characterized by deposits of sediments.

A

Delta (River delta)

58
Q

similar to lacustrine environment, except that it is a shallow body of water and it is separated from a larger body of water by small landmasses, barrier islands or reefs.

A

Lagoonal

59
Q

landform along the coast of an ocean, sea or lake, or river.

A

Beach

Engineering Geology (10 decks)

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