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Engineering Geology > 2 - Historical Geology > Flashcards

2 - Historical Geology Flashcards

1
Q

study of changes to earth and life in time and space

A

historical geology

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2
Q

Types of ages

A

Relative time and absolute time

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3
Q

measurement of time using comparison methods

A

relative time

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4
Q

measurement of time using actual numbers

A

absolute time

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5
Q

how to measure earth’s relative age

A

by rock layer and faults

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6
Q

measuring earth’s absolute age

A

radioactive dating

half-life

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7
Q

the breaking down of atoms to form different isotopes of the same element or completely new element

A

radioactive dating

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8
Q

energy is given in the form of:

A

gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles

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9
Q

the amount of time it takes for half of the original to decay

A

half-life

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10
Q

Fundamental theory

A

Uniformatarianism and catastrophism

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11
Q

same atomic number but diff atomic mass

A

isotope

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12
Q

who proposed the theory of uniformitarianism

A

james hutton 1785

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13
Q

TU: laws of nature are constant across time and space

A

Uniformity of law

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14
Q

TU:appropriate hypotheses

A

uniform of methodolgy

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15
Q

TU:past and present causes are all of the same kind

A

uniformity of kind

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16
Q

TU: geological circumstances have remained the same over time

A

uniformity of degree

17
Q

popularized the catastrophism

A

Georges Cuvier 9th century

18
Q

extinction event

formerly known as cretaceous tertiary k-t

A

Cretaceous-Paleogene

19
Q

a large planetesimal somehow impacted the early earth, blew out rocky debris, remelted it and formed the moon
4.5 billion years ago

A

giant impact theory

20
Q

distinct surface between two unlike bodies of rocks

A

contact

21
Q

single layer or bed of rock

A

stratum

22
Q

multiple layers of rocks

A

strata

23
Q

study of strata

A

stratigraphy

24
Q

a body of work with distinctive structure that is bounded by contacts

A

formation

25
Q

locations or portions where rocks are exposed at the earth’s surface

A

outcrop/exposure

26
Q

Fundamental principles pf historical geology formulated by nicolaus steno in 1669

A

superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, intrusive relationships, cross-cutting relationships

27
Q

gaps in geologic record that may indicate episodes of crustal deformation, erosion and sea level variations

A

uncomformity

28
Q

types of unconformities:

A

angular unconformities

disconformities and nonconformity

29
Q

older package of sediments are tilted

A

angular conformity

30
Q

lower package of sediments was not tilted prior to deposition of the upper sediment package

A

disconformity

31
Q

separates igneous rocks from overlying sedimentary rocks

A

nonconformity

32
Q

age of invertebrates

A

paleozoic era

33
Q

age of dinosaurs and reptiles

A

mesozoic era

34
Q

age of mammals

A

cenozoic era

Engineering Geology (10 decks)

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