2 - Historical Geology

Question 1

study of changes to earth and life in time and space

Answer 1

historical geology

Question 2

Types of ages

Answer 2

Relative time and absolute time

Question 3

measurement of time using comparison methods

Answer 3

relative time

Question 4

measurement of time using actual numbers

Answer 4

absolute time

Question 5

how to measure earth’s relative age

Answer 5

by rock layer and faults

Question 6

measuring earth’s absolute age

Answer 6

radioactive dating

half-life

Question 7

the breaking down of atoms to form different isotopes of the same element or completely new element

Answer 7

radioactive dating

Question 8

energy is given in the form of:

Answer 8

gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles

Question 9

the amount of time it takes for half of the original to decay

Answer 9

half-life

Question 10

Fundamental theory

Answer 10

Uniformatarianism and catastrophism

Question 11

same atomic number but diff atomic mass

Answer 11

isotope

Question 12

who proposed the theory of uniformitarianism

Answer 12

james hutton 1785

Question 13

TU: laws of nature are constant across time and space

Answer 13

Uniformity of law

Question 14

TU:appropriate hypotheses

Answer 14

uniform of methodolgy

Question 15

TU:past and present causes are all of the same kind

Answer 15

uniformity of kind

Question 16

TU: geological circumstances have remained the same over time

Answer 16

uniformity of degree

Question 17

popularized the catastrophism

Answer 17

Georges Cuvier 9th century

Question 18

extinction event

formerly known as cretaceous tertiary k-t

Answer 18

Cretaceous-Paleogene

Question 19

a large planetesimal somehow impacted the early earth, blew out rocky debris, remelted it and formed the moon
4.5 billion years ago

Answer 19

giant impact theory

Question 20

distinct surface between two unlike bodies of rocks

Answer 20

contact

Question 21

single layer or bed of rock

Answer 21

stratum

Question 22

multiple layers of rocks

Answer 22

strata

Question 23

study of strata

Answer 23

stratigraphy

Question 24

a body of work with distinctive structure that is bounded by contacts

Answer 24

formation

Question 25

locations or portions where rocks are exposed at the earth’s surface

Answer 25

outcrop/exposure

Question 26

Fundamental principles pf historical geology formulated by nicolaus steno in 1669

Answer 26

superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, intrusive relationships, cross-cutting relationships

Question 27

gaps in geologic record that may indicate episodes of crustal deformation, erosion and sea level variations

Answer 27

uncomformity

Question 28

types of unconformities:

Answer 28

angular unconformities

disconformities and nonconformity

Question 29

older package of sediments are tilted

Answer 29

angular conformity

Question 30

lower package of sediments was not tilted prior to deposition of the upper sediment package

Answer 30

disconformity

Question 31

separates igneous rocks from overlying sedimentary rocks

Answer 31

nonconformity

Question 32

age of invertebrates

Answer 32

paleozoic era

Question 33

age of dinosaurs and reptiles

Answer 33

mesozoic era

Question 34

age of mammals

Answer 34

cenozoic era