FINALLLLLLL Flashcards
In binomial nomenclature, what part of the name is always capitalized?
Genus part
Following the genus name the epithet name which is always _______ and ______
lowercase
italicized
Yeast are _____ fungi
Unicellular
Gram staining order
Crystal violet
Grams Iodine
Decolorizing agent
Safranin
Life arose from non living matter is
spontaneous generation
Bacteria and archaea domains are ______ cells
prokaryotic
_________ is the most common cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers of stomach and duodenum
Helicobacter pylori
_______ archaea prefer a concentration of salt
Halophilic
_______ is the most common human intestinal parasite in the US
Giardia
_____ ______ causes toxoplasmosis and can be transmitted from cat feces
Toxoplasma gondii
Due to the potential for serious birth defects pregnant women need to be aware os the risk of __________ and use caution if they are exposed to the feces of infected cats
Toxoplasmosis
________ __________ (after acute infection) viruses remain hidden or dormant inside of the cell.
Ex: chicken pox can reemerge as shingles
Latent infection
There are no treatments for _____ ______ other than the use of proteases
prion infection
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose resulting in the net formation of
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate molecules
_________ uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor to regenerate NAD from NADH so that glycolysis can continue
Fermentation
Most bacterial cells divide by _______ _____
binary fission
________ most bacteria in this group and they grow best at neutral pH close to 7.0
Neutrophiles
DNA This information is transmitted from parent to offspring through _______ ________ __________
Vertical gene transfer
____________ DNA in eukaryotes includes the chromosomes found within organelles of prokaryotic origin (mitochondria and chloroplasts) that evolved by endosymbiosis
Extrachromosomal
________ _______ if the mRNA codon (nonsense codon) FIX
Nonsense mutation
What are the three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer typically used by bacteria
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
_____ ______ are bacterial enzymes produced as a protection mechanism to cut and destroy foreign cytoplasmic DNA that is most commonly a result of bacteriophage infection.
Restriction enzymes
_____________ _________ allows for the rapid amplification of a specific DNA sequence
Polymerase chain reaction
Our greatest concerns are _____ _____ ______ and cross resistance
multidrug resistant microbes
MDR’s are equally known as _____
superbugs
___________ are useful for monitoring local trends in antimicrobial resistance / susceptibility and for directing appropriate selection of empiric antibacterial therapy
Antibiograms
______ inanimate items that may harbor microbes and aid in their transmission
fomites
______ sterilization
121 C
15 lbs pressure per sq inch for 20 min
autoclave
______ infection becomes disseminated throughout the body
systemic
______ lipid A component of the LPS of the gram negative cell envelope
Endotoxin
_______ the study of the causes of disease and investigation of disease transmission
etiology
______ the number of new cases (morbidity or mortality) during a specified time period
Incidence
_____ _____ ______ provides a first line of defense
nonspecific innate immunity
what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation
erythema
edema
heat
pain
altered function
____ most abundant antibody in human blood
IgG
Immature T lymphocytes are produced in the ______ and travel to the ____ for maturation
red bone marrow
thymus
Type 1 hypersensitivity
Localized and minor (hives or hay fever)
or system wide and dangerous (systemic anaphylaxis)
______ disease most common cause of hyperthyroidism in US antibody stimulates the thyroid
Graves
Potential for laboratory and clinical use is driving the development of new cost effective solutions such as
plantibodies
Laboratory test to detect antibodies and antigens OUTSIDE of the body are called
in vitro assays
______ associated with hair follicle
folliculitis
boils
furuncles
deep lesion with multiple boils
carbuncles
______ (warts) are caused by human papillomaviruses
papillomas
___ _____ a fungal infection cause by over growth of Candida yeast
oral thrush
Salmonella enterica cause a more severe type of salmonellosis called
typhoid fever
______ the blood pressure can fall below the level necessary to. maintain proper kidney and respiratory functions a condition known as septic shock
Sepsis
Staphlylococcus aureus
Toxic shock syndrome
College students are required to have a vaccination against _______ ____ before entering college
meningococcal meningitis
_______ fungal infections of the nervous system
neuromycoses
