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MICRO > FINALLLLLLL > Flashcards

FINALLLLLLL Flashcards

1
Q

In binomial nomenclature, what part of the name is always capitalized?

A

Genus part

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2
Q

Following the genus name the epithet name which is always _______ and ______

A

lowercase
italicized

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3
Q

Yeast are _____ fungi

A

Unicellular

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4
Q

Gram staining order

A

Crystal violet
Grams Iodine
Decolorizing agent
Safranin

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5
Q

Life arose from non living matter is

A

spontaneous generation

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6
Q

Bacteria and archaea domains are ______ cells

A

prokaryotic

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7
Q

_________ is the most common cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers of stomach and duodenum

A

Helicobacter pylori

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8
Q

_______ archaea prefer a concentration of salt

A

Halophilic

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9
Q

_______ is the most common human intestinal parasite in the US

A

Giardia

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10
Q

_____ ______ causes toxoplasmosis and can be transmitted from cat feces

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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11
Q

Due to the potential for serious birth defects pregnant women need to be aware os the risk of __________ and use caution if they are exposed to the feces of infected cats

A

Toxoplasmosis

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12
Q

________ __________ (after acute infection) viruses remain hidden or dormant inside of the cell.
Ex: chicken pox can reemerge as shingles

A

Latent infection

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13
Q

There are no treatments for _____ ______ other than the use of proteases

A

prion infection

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14
Q

Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose resulting in the net formation of

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate molecules

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15
Q

_________ uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor to regenerate NAD from NADH so that glycolysis can continue

A

Fermentation

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16
Q

Most bacterial cells divide by _______ _____

A

binary fission

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17
Q

________ most bacteria in this group and they grow best at neutral pH close to 7.0

A

Neutrophiles

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18
Q

DNA This information is transmitted from parent to offspring through _______ ________ __________

A

Vertical gene transfer

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19
Q

____________ DNA in eukaryotes includes the chromosomes found within organelles of prokaryotic origin (mitochondria and chloroplasts) that evolved by endosymbiosis

A

Extrachromosomal

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20
Q

________ _______ if the mRNA codon (nonsense codon) FIX

A

Nonsense mutation

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21
Q

What are the three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer typically used by bacteria

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

22
Q

_____ ______ are bacterial enzymes produced as a protection mechanism to cut and destroy foreign cytoplasmic DNA that is most commonly a result of bacteriophage infection.

A

Restriction enzymes

23
Q

_____________ _________ allows for the rapid amplification of a specific DNA sequence

A

Polymerase chain reaction

24
Q

Our greatest concerns are _____ _____ ______ and cross resistance

A

multidrug resistant microbes

25
Q

MDR’s are equally known as _____

A

superbugs

26
Q

___________ are useful for monitoring local trends in antimicrobial resistance / susceptibility and for directing appropriate selection of empiric antibacterial therapy

A

Antibiograms

27
Q

______ inanimate items that may harbor microbes and aid in their transmission

A

fomites

28
Q

______ sterilization
121 C
15 lbs pressure per sq inch for 20 min

A

autoclave

29
Q

______ infection becomes disseminated throughout the body

A

systemic

30
Q

______ lipid A component of the LPS of the gram negative cell envelope

A

Endotoxin

31
Q

_______ the study of the causes of disease and investigation of disease transmission

A

etiology

32
Q

______ the number of new cases (morbidity or mortality) during a specified time period

A

Incidence

33
Q

_____ _____ ______ provides a first line of defense

A

nonspecific innate immunity

34
Q

what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation

A

erythema
edema
heat
pain
altered function

35
Q

____ most abundant antibody in human blood

A

IgG

36
Q

Immature T lymphocytes are produced in the ______ and travel to the ____ for maturation

A

red bone marrow
thymus

37
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Localized and minor (hives or hay fever)
or system wide and dangerous (systemic anaphylaxis)

38
Q

______ disease most common cause of hyperthyroidism in US antibody stimulates the thyroid

A

Graves

39
Q

Potential for laboratory and clinical use is driving the development of new cost effective solutions such as

A

plantibodies

40
Q

Laboratory test to detect antibodies and antigens OUTSIDE of the body are called

A

in vitro assays

41
Q

______ associated with hair follicle

A

folliculitis

42
Q

boils

A

furuncles

43
Q

deep lesion with multiple boils

A

carbuncles

44
Q

______ (warts) are caused by human papillomaviruses

A

papillomas

45
Q

___ _____ a fungal infection cause by over growth of Candida yeast

A

oral thrush

46
Q

Salmonella enterica cause a more severe type of salmonellosis called

A

typhoid fever

47
Q

______ the blood pressure can fall below the level necessary to. maintain proper kidney and respiratory functions a condition known as septic shock

A

Sepsis

48
Q

Staphlylococcus aureus

A

Toxic shock syndrome

49
Q

College students are required to have a vaccination against _______ ____ before entering college

A

meningococcal meningitis

50
Q

_______ fungal infections of the nervous system

A

neuromycoses

MICRO (7 decks)

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