Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
This man was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes
A
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
2
Q
This man was the first to demonstrate a connection between a single isolated microbe and known human disease
A
Rober Koch
3
Q
Modern taxonomy relies heavily on
A
Comparing the nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or proteins from different organisms
4
Q
_____ ____ created a tree with three domains above the level of kingdom
Which included
A
Carol Woese nnnnnar
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
5
Q
The genus part of the name is always
A
capitalized
followed by the epithet name (not capitalized)
always italicized
6
Q
Microorganisms are found in each of the three domains of life:
A
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
7
Q
Bacteria and Archaea are ______ (their cells lack a nucleus)
A
prokaryotes
8
Q
Eukaryotes have or do not have a nucleus?
A
DO
9
Q
Bacteria are prokaryotic because their genetic material DNA is _____ housed within a true nucleus
A
NOT
10
Q
Common bacteria shapes include:
A
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillum
Spirochete
Vibrio
11
Q
______ are also unicellular prokaryotic organisms
A
Archaea
12
Q
______ are found in nearly every habitat on earth, even extreme environments
A
Archaea
13
Q
The domain Eukarya contains all eukaryotes, including uni- or multicellular eukaryotes such as :
A
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
14
Q
Two examples of Protists are
A
Algae and Protozoa
15
Q
Protists such as ____ can be unicellular or multicellular
A
Algae
16
Q
______ move with help from hair like structures called cilia and flagella and pseudopods (false feet)
A
Protozoa
17
Q
Yeasts are multicellular or unicellular fungi?
A
Unicellular
18
Q
Multicellular parasitic worms called
A
Helminths
19
Q
______ are acellular microorganisms which means they are not composed of cells.
Either DNA or RNA but never ______
A
Viruses
Both
20
Q
Refraction occurs when
A
Light waves change speed and direction as they pass from one medium to another
21
Q
The power of a microscope can be defined in terms of its
A
Magnification and Resolution
22
Q
A _____ microscope has a much higher resolution than a light microscope since it uses an electron beam with very short wavelength.
A
Electron
23
Q
__________ was credited with the first observation of microbes
A
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
24
Q
Was the first to describe cells ( looked at dead cork cells )
A
Robert Hooke
25
Uses lenses to focus light on specimen to produce and image
Light Microscopy
26
Produce a dark image on a bright background
Brightfield
27
Total magnification =
Ocular magnification x Objective magnification
28
____ scatters the light rays
Air
29
_____ can be used to fill the space between the specimen and an oil immersion lens
Oil
30
Oil has the refractive index very similar to _____ thus increasing the light collected and resolution of the image
glass
31
Shows bright objects on a dark background
Darkfield
32
_______ is useful for viewing live specimens without the use of stains
Darkfield
33
_____ use refraction and interference to create high contrast and high resolution images WO staining
Phase contrast
34
____ _____ ____ use interference patterns to enhance contrast between different features of a specimen using two beams of light
DIC
Differential Interference Contrast
35
Absorb energy from light source then emits this energy as visible light
Fluorescence
36
Microscopy technique that is used to identify certain disease causing microbes by observing whether antibodies bind to them.
Immunofluorescence
37
uses a laser to scan multiple z planes successively
Confocal
38
_______ microscopy focuses electrons on the specimen using magnets.
Uses short wavelength electron beams rather than light.
Electron
39
_____ _____ _____ requires that the beam and specimen be in a vacuum and that the specimen be very thin.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
40
____ ____ ____ form images of surfaces of specimens
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
41
____ ____ ____ produces images of even greater magnification by measuring feedback from sharp probes that interact with the specimen.
Scanning probe microscopy
42
Two types of microscopes that observe individual atoms on surfaces
Scanning tunneling microscope
Atomic force microscope
43
___ ____ ____ to properly prepare a slide for microscopy.
Smear
Heat fix
Stain
44
___ ____ (acid stains) absorbed by the background not by the negatively charged cell.
Produces a silhouette of the organisms against a _____ background
Negative stains
Colorful
45
___ ____ (basic stains) stick to the cell walls of negatively charged cells
Positive cells
46
Two types of staining:
Simple (one stain)
Differential (two stains)
47
Crystal violet, a primary stain, is applied to a heat fixed smear, giving all of the cells a ______ color
Purple
48
_____ _____ (a substance used to set or stabilize stains or dyes) in this case, it traps the cystal violet in the cell by making the complex clump
Gram's Iodine
49
___ _____ (ethanol or an aceton solution) Cells with thick peptidoglycan layers ( Gram Positive Bacteria) are less affected and retain the crystal violet dye and remain ______.
Decolorizing agent
Purple
50
The decolorizing agent more easily washes the crystal violet out of cells with thinner peptidoglycan layers in gram negative bacteria leaving them _______
colorless
51
_____ ______ (_____) is added. This stains the decolorized cells pink and is less noticeable in the cells that still contain the crystal violet dye.
Secondary Counterstain (safranin)
52
The purple, crystal violet stained cells are referred to as _________ while the red safranin dyed cells are ________
Gram positive
Gram negative
53
________ bacteria tend to be more resistant to certain antibiotics than _______ bacteria
Gram negative
Gram positive
54
____ ______: a negative staining technique
Capsule staining
55
Acid fast staining ______ ____ is the primary stain
Waxy acid fast cells retain the carbol fuchsin even after a _____ _____ is applied.
____ ___ is then applied which renders non acid fast cells blue
Carbol Fuchsin
Decolorizing agent
Secondary counterstain, methylene blue
56
1. Uses heat to push the primary stain into the endospore
2. Washing with water decolorized the cell, but endospore retains green stain.
3. Cell is then counterstained pink with safranin.
Endospore staining
57
Endospore staining techniques are important for identifying ____ and _____
Bacillus and Clostridium
58
_______ ______: life arose from nonliving matter
Spontaneous generation
59
______ _____ disproved the theory of spontaneous generation with his famous swan neck flask experiment
Louis Pasteur
60
____ _____ proposed that "life only comes from life"
Louis Pasteur
61
Cell theory (cork under a microscope)
Robert Hooke
62
"all cells arise from cells"
Rudolf Virchow
63
_________ theory states that mitochondria and chloroplast have their origins in bacteria.
Endosymbiotic
64
Eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) are of prokaryotic origin is the hypothesis created by
Lynn Margulis
65
_______ and _______ are structurally similar to bacterial ribosomes, rather than to the eukaryotic ribosomes of their hosts.
Mitochondrial
Chloroplasts
66
Binary fission of these two organelles strongly resemble binary fission of bacteria as compared with mitosis performed by eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
67
Germ theory of disease
Diseases may result from microbial infection
68
Founder of the Germ Theory
Louis Pasteur
69
____ ____ began using carbolic acid (phenol) spray during surgery
Joseph Lister
70
______ proposed the cause of a specific disease could be attributed to a specific microbe.
Robert Koch
71
______ _____ occurs because of differences in the concentration of solutes on opposing sides of a semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
72
For ______ and _______ their genetic material is contained in a _____ rather than a membrane bound nucleus.
Bacteria and Archaea
73
________ cells lack membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic
74
Prokaryotic cells may contain extrachromasomal DNA in _______ which often carry genes such as antibiotic resistance.
Plasmids
75
______ ____: site of protein synthesis and have size of _____
Prokaryotic ribosomes
70S
76
Clinically significant Gram-Positive bacteria that can form endospores:
Bacillus
Clostridium
77
Cell envelope =
Plasma membrane + cell wall
78
______ ____ are composed of phospholipids
Plasma membranes
79
Prokaryotic cell walls may be composed of ______ (found only in bacteria)
Peptidoglycan
80
_____________ bacterial cells are characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram Positive
81
_________ bacterial cells are characterized by a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane.
Gram negative
82
______ contribute to a microbes pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) which makes it more difficult for _______ cells (WBC) to engulf and kill them
Capsules
Phagocytic
83
_____ are typically more numerous and shorter
Fimbriae
84
____ are larger and less numerous than fimbriae
Pili
85
_____ are important in the transfer of genetic material between cells
Pili
86
______ flagella that cover the entire surface of a bacterial cell
Peritrichous
87
______ one end of the cell (polar)
Monotrichous
88
Flagellum or tufts of flagella at each end
Ampitrichous
89
Tuft at one end of the cell
Lophotrichous
90
______ cells have a nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic
91
Eukaryotic cells contain _____ ribosomes
80S
92
_______ ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
70S
93
_______ _____ membrane bound organelles involved in transport.
Endomembrane system
94
___ ____ ____ : lipid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
95
____ ____ ____ contains membrane bound 80S ribosomes that synthesis proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
96
Endomembrane system includes:
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
97
processes proteins and lipids
Golgi apparatus
98
Contain digestive enzymes
lysosomes
99
Site of cellular respiration
Mitochondria
100
Eukaryotic cell membranes can take material in to the cell via _____ or expel matter from the cell ____
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
101
Types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
102
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
103
Cell drinking
Pinocytosis
104
Fungi, algae, plants and some protists have a
Cell wall
105
Types of cell walls
Cellulose (fungi and plants)
Chitin (fungi)
106
____ and ____ are unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
Archaea and Bacteria
107
_________: the totality of forms of prokaryotes (particularly bacteria) living on the human which varies between regions of the body and changes over time
Microbiome
108
_______ : the totality of forms of prokaryotes living in a certain region of the human body
(primarily bacteria)
Microbiota
109
Two types of microbiota include
Resident and Transient
110
____ microbiota constantly live in or on our bodies
Resident
111
_____ microbiota is temporarily found in the human body.
Transient
112
_______ colonization during vaginal child birth
Demonstrating a higher incidence of diseases in individuals born by c-section compared to those born vaginally
Lactobacillus
113
Gram positive bacteria are classified based on their prevalence of _____ and ____ nucleotides
Guanine and cytosine
114
Gram negative bacteria are classified:
Spriochetes
Proteobacteria
Atypical
Mycoplasma
SPAM
115
_____ bacteria cannot be stained by the standard gram stain procedure
Atypical
116
Proteobacteria are further classified into the classes
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
117
Rickettisia
R.rickettsii: causes
Rocky Mountain spotted fever spread by ticks
118
Betaproteobacteria include
Neisseria
N. gonorrhoeae
N. meningitides
Bordetella pertussis
119
_____ causes the STI gonorrhea
N. gonorrhoeae
120
_____ causes bacterial meningitis
N. meningitides
121
____ causes pertussis ( whooping cough)
Bordetella pertussis
122
_______ are the largest and most diverse group of proteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
123
_____ often infects wounds and burns
Pseudomonas aerugionsa
124
Haemophilus
H. influenzae: (does not cause influenza) Can cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections including
Sinusitis
Bronchitis
Ear infections
Pneumonia
125
Vibrionales include
Vibrio cholerae
and
V. vulnificus
126
_____ causes cholera
Vibrio cholerae
127
____ causes serious and potentially life- threatening cellulitus
V. vulnificus
128
Escherichia coli
Salmonella
Shigella
yersinia pestis
are all types of
Enteric Bacteria
129
______ is the most studied bacterium
Escherchia coli
130
____ causes typhoid fever
Salmonella
131
________ is the most common cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers of stomach and duodenum, also linked to stomach cancer
Helicobacter pylori
132
Spiral bacteria with a long narrow body
Spirochetes
133
________ contain human pathogens that cause diseases such as syphilis and lyme disease.
Spirochetes
134
________ bacteria are a group categorized by their ability to use the energy of sunlight
Phototrophic
135
_______ are oxygen producing bacteria thought to have played a critical role in the forming of the earths atmosphere
Cyanobacteria
136
_______ ____ causes diphtheria, produces a toxin that forms a pseudomembrane in the patients throat causing swelling, difficulty breathing.
Corynebacterium diphtheiae
137
_____ ______ can cause bacterial vaginosis in women
Gardnerella vaginalis
138
______: bacilli covered with a mycolic acid coat
This waxy coat protects the bacteria from some antibiotics
Mycobacterium
139
_____ cause tuberculosis
M. tuberculosis
140
______: leprosy
M. leprae
141
___________ generally obligate anaerobes and can form endospors
Clostridium spp.
142
________(gas gangrene)
C. perfringens
143
_______ (tetanus) produces a neurotoxin that is able to enter neurons, travel regions of the central nervous system where it blocks in inhibition of nerve impulses.
C. tetani
144
______ (botulism) produces botulimum neurotoxin the most lethal biological toxin known
Blocks the release of acetylcholine causing flaccid paralysis
C. botulimum
145
____ is a common source of hospital acquired infections
C.difficile
146
_____ the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat)
S. pyogenes
147
________ :Cells appear as diplococci and causes pneumonia
S. pneumoniae
148
Staphylococcus
S. aureus strains can cause a wide range of infections and diseases
Many of which are highly resistant to antibiotics like
MRSA
VRSA
149
_____ are very small and lack cell walls
Mycoplasma spp.
150
______ are unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms
Also differ structurally from bacteria in several significant ways.
Archaea
151
Some _____ are extremophiles living in environments
Archaea
152
______ archaea prefer a concentration of salt
Halophilic
153
______ is the most common human intestinal parasite in the US
Giardia
154
______ diarrheal illness that is easily transmitted through contaminated water supplies
Giardiasis
155
Protists were informally grouped into
"animal like"
"plant like"
"fungus like"
156
Nonphotosynthetic, motile organisms that are always unicellular
Protozoans
animal like
157
_____: photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular
plant like
algae
158
____ protists such as water molds
fungus lke
159
Protozoans that reproduce Asexually
Binary fission
Budding
Schizogony
160
Protozoans that reproduce sexually
Syngamy
Conjugation
161
_______ brain eating amoeba
Naegleria fowleri
162
________: individual amoeboid cells that periodically aggregate into a mobile slug
Cellular slime molds
163
_____: exist as large, multinucleate amoeboid cells that form reproductive stalks to produce spores that divide in to gametes
Plasmodial slime molds
164
_______: intra- or extracellular parasites
Apicomplexans
165
cause of malaria
Plasmodium
166
_____ _____ causes intenstinal symptoms and can cause epidemic diarrhea when the cysts contaminate drinking water
Cryptosporidium parvum
167
______ _______ transmitted by the tick
causes recurring fever that can be fatal and is becoming a common transfusion transmitted pathogen in the US
Theileria (Babesia) microti
168
____ _____:: causes toxoplasmosis and can be transmitted from cat feces
Can be associated with serious birth defects
Pregnant women should be aware of risk if exposed to cat feces
Toxoplasma gondii
169
____ ____: widespread pathogen that cuases diarrheal illness spread through cysts feces that contaminate water supplies
Giardia lamblia
170
_____ ______ causes the human sexally transmitted disease trichomoniasis.
Often does not cause symptoms in men but men are able to transmit the infection
Trichomonas vaginalis
171
_____ _____ which causes African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)
Colonizes the blood and the brain after being transmitted via the bite of a tsetse fly
Trypanosoma Brucei
172
_________ Causes American trypanosmiasis (chagas disease)
transmitted by insects often called kissing bugs
T. cruzi
173
_____ common intestinal parasites often tansmitted through undercooked foods
Roundworms
174
Two types of helminth parasites are
Roundworms
Unsegmented worms
175
______ ______ (pinworm) is the most common nematode infection in the US
Enterobius vermicularis
176
_____ and _____ are nematodes found in dogs and cats that can be transmitted to humans
Toxocara canis
T. cati
177
_____ ____ the New World or North American hookworm
Necator americanus
178
_____ contracted by consuming undercooked meat
Trichinella spiralis
179
_____ _____ causes heartworm in dogs and other animals
Dirofilaria immitis
180
Species that can cause mycoses
Pathogenic
181
_____ are unicellular fungi
Yeasts
182
Associated with vaginal yeast infections oral thrush and candidasis of the skin
The most common cause of vaginal and other yeast infections
Candida albicans
183
Ringworm is a _____ not a worm
Fungus
184
________ are acellular and consist of nucleic acid DNA or RNA but not both surrounded by a protein capsid.
Virons
185
______ _______ formed from only a nucleic acid and capsid
naked viruses
186
____ _____ nucleic acid packed capsid surrounded by a lipid layer
enveloped viruses
187
_____ are obligate intracellular parasites
viruses
188
The viruses that infect bacteria are called ______
Bacteriophages
189
__________ spikes help the influenza virus attach to host cell
hemagglutinin_
190
_________ allow the virus to detach from the cell surface during release of new virions
neuraminidase
191
In the life cycle of bacteriophages: _______ leads to the death of the host
virulent (have a lytic cycle)
192
In the life cycle of bacteriophages _____ leads to integration of the phage into the host genome
Temperate (have a lysogenic cycle)
193
Integrated phage genome is called a
prophage
194
Life cycle of viruses with Animal hosts
Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
Biosynthesis
Maturatioin
Reslease
195
HIV carry a special enzyme called r
Reverse transcriptase
196
The integrated viral genome is called a
Provirus
197
Animal viruses are detected by:
Hemagglutination assay
Hemagglutination inhibition assay
198
