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MICRO > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Inanimate items that may harbor microbes and aid in their transmission

A

Fomites

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2
Q

What is biological safety level one for laboratories

A

Microbes are not known to cause disease in healthy host and pose minimal risks to workers and the environment

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3
Q

What is Biological safety level 2

A

microbes are typically indigenous and are associated with diseases varying severity
they pose moderate risk to workers and the environment

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4
Q

What is Biological safety level 3

A

Microbes are indigenous or exotic and cause serious or potentially lethal diseased through respiratory transmission

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5
Q

What is Biological safety level 4

A

Microbes are dangerous and extoic posing a high risk of aerosol transmitted infections
which are frequently fatal w/o treatment or vaccines

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6
Q

uses antimicrobial chemicals safe enough for living tissues

A

antisepsis

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7
Q

complete removal or killing of all vegatative cells endospores and viruses

A

sterilizations

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8
Q

Clostridium botulinum are killed through ______ _____ protocals

A

commercial sterilization

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9
Q

the act of handwashing is an example of

A

degerming

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10
Q

wiping the skin with an alcohol wipe is another example of

A

degerming

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11
Q

the term _____ refers to the cleansing of fomites to remove enough microbes to achieve levels deemed safe for public health

A

sanitization

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12
Q

_____ is considered the most effective method of sterilization

A

autoclave

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13
Q

Those that inhibit microbial growth are indicated by the suffixes

A

stat or static

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14
Q

Autoclaves are _____ C or ins some cases _____ C

A

121
132

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15
Q

Autoclaves are typically at a pressure of ____ to ____ pounds per square inch (psi) for _____ min

A

15- 20 psi
20 min

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16
Q

_______ is used to kill pathogens and reduce the number of microbes that cause food spoilage

A

pasteurization

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17
Q

_____ slows microbial growth

A

Refrigeration

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18
Q

Laboratory and medical specimens may be frozen on dry ice or at ultra low temps ( ____ ) C for storage and transport

A

-70

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19
Q

including x rays and gamma radiation is an effective way to sterilize heat sensitive and packaged materials

A

ionizing radiation

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20
Q

like ultraviolet is unable to penetrate surfaces but is useful for surface disinfection

A

nonionizing radiation

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21
Q

_____ are stable long acting disinfectants that denature proteins and disrupt membranes

A

Phenolics (lysol)

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22
Q

____ are commonly used antiseptics that act by denaturing proteins and disrupting membranes
used at concentrations of 70%

A

Alcohols

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23
Q

_____ _____ is a gas sterilant that can penetrate heat sensitive packaged materials but it is also explosive and carcinogenic

A

Ethylene oxide

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24
Q

____ _____ are added to a variety of foods

A

chemical preservatives

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25
Q

_______ acid
_______ acid
________ acid
reduce intracellular pH

A

sorbic
benzoic
propionic

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26
Q

The discovery of the natural antibiotic by ______ _____ in _____

A

Alexander Fleming
1928

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27
Q

Alexander Fleming observed that penicillin inhibited _____ growth

A

staphylococcal

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28
Q

Antimicrobial drugs can be _______ or________ and these characteristics are important when selecting the appropriate drugs.

A

bacteriostatic (inhibit growth)

bactericidal (kill bacteria)

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29
Q

Life threatening infections such as acute ______ require the use of a bactericidal drug

A

Endocarditis

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30
Q

The use of ____ _____ antimicrobial drugs is preferred in many cases to avoid superinfection and the development of antimicrobial resistance.

A

narrow spectrum

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31
Q

B lactams includes

A

penicillins
cephalosporins
monobactams
carbapenems

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32
Q

B lactams are characterized by the presence of a b lactam _____ found within the central structure of the drug.

A

rings

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33
Q

because _____ _____ ___ are eukaryotic organisms like human cells, it is more challenging to develop antimicrobial drugs that specifically target them

A

fungi
protozoans
helminths

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34
Q

It is hard to target viruses because human viruses

A

replicate inside of human cells

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35
Q

HIV is typically treated with a combination of several antiretroviral drugs which may include _____ ______ ______ and drugs that interfere with viral binding and fusion to initiate infection

A

reverse transcriptase inhibitors
protease inhibitors
integrase inhibitors

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36
Q

Antimicrobial resistance is on the rise and is the result of

A

-selection of drug resistant strains
-overuse and misuse of antibacterials
-use of subtheraputic doses of antibacterial drugs
-poor patient compliance with drug therapies

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37
Q

common modes of antimicrobial drug resistance include

A

drug modification or inactivation

????

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38
Q

Our greatest concerns are _________ and cross resistance

A

multi-drug resistant microbes (MDR’s)

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39
Q

MDR’s are also known as

A

superbugs

40
Q

Superbugs discussed have been dubbed the ESKAPE pathogens

A

Enterocccus faecium
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumannii
Pseudomonas aerugionosa
Enterobacter spp

41
Q

________ are useful for monitoring local trends in antimicrobial resistance susceptibility and for directing appropriate selection of empiric antibacterial therapy

A

Antibiograms

42
Q

_____ of a disease are objective and measured

A

signs

43
Q

______ are subjective and are reported by the patient

A

symptoms

44
Q

_____ _____ are contracted in hospital setting,

A

nosocomial diseases

45
Q

________ _______ are the direct result of a medical procedure

A

nosocomial diseases

46
Q

______ due to genetics and environment

A

noninfectious

47
Q

______ due to pathogens

A

infectious

48
Q

some infectious diseases are ______ transmissible between individuals

A

communicable

49
Q

other infectious diseases are _________ not spread from one person to another

A

noncommunicable

50
Q

The periods of diseases include

A

Incubation period
Prodromal period
Period of illness
Period of decline
Period of convalescence

51
Q

_______ period of disease occurs in an acute disease after the initial entry of the pathogen into the host

A

incubation

52
Q

______ period of disease: the pathogen continues to multiply and the host begins to experience general signs and symptoms of illness

A

prodromal

53
Q

period of _______: during which the signs and symptoms of disease are most obvious and severe

A

illness

54
Q

period of _____ : during which the number of pathogen particles begins to decrease

A

decline

55
Q

period of ______ : the patient generally returns to normal functions although some diseases may inflict permanent damage that the body cannot fully repair

A

convalescence

56
Q

the ability of a microbial agent to cause disease is called _______

A

pathogenicity

57
Q

the degree to which an organism is pathogenic is called

A

virulence

58
Q

5 stages of pathogensis

A

Exposure
Adhesion
Invasion
Infection
Transmission

59
Q

Pathogens can enter through a breach in the protective barrier of the skin and mucous membranes are said to enter by the ______ route

A

parenteral

60
Q

Breaks in the skin such as

A

wounds
insect bites
animal bites
needle pricks

61
Q

In pregnant women due to the placenta few pathogens are capable of crossing the

A

blood placental barrier

62
Q

An example of a gram positive bacterium which causes foodborne disease is one example that poses a serious risk to the fetus is

A

Listeria Monocytogens

63
Q

_____ classified as depending on the extent to which the pathogen spreads in the body

A

Infection

64
Q

_______ confined to a small area of the body typically near the portal of entry

A

local

65
Q

_____ a localized pathogen or the toxins it produces can spread to a secondary location

A

Focal

66
Q

______ infection becomes disseminated throughout the body

A

systemic

67
Q

______ leave through portals of exit

A

transmission

68
Q

Bacterial toxins include

A

Endotoxin
Exotoxins

69
Q

______ : a lipid A component of the LPS of the gram negative cell envelope

A

Endotoxin

70
Q

______ : proteins secreted mainly by gram positive bacteria but also are secreted by some gram negative bacteria

A

Exotoxins

71
Q

_______ trigger an excessive nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines (chemical messengers)

A

Superantigens

72
Q

The excessive production of cytokines often called a ______ ______

A

cytokine storm

73
Q

Cytokine storms elicit a strong immune and inflammatory response that can cause life threatening

A

high fevers
low bp
multi organ failure
shock
death

74
Q

_____ _____ bacterial pathogens may evade the host immune response by producing capsules to avoid phagocytosis

A

immune evasion

75
Q

Capsules help to avoid phagocytosis surviving the intracellular environment of phagocytes degrading antibodies or through

A

antigenic variation

76
Q

_____ _____ produces a waxy substance known as mycolic acid in its envelope

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

77
Q

Influenza viruses use both _____ ____ and _____ _____ to avoid being recognized by the immune system

A

antigenic drift (minor changes)

antigenic shift (major changes)

78
Q

_______ concerns the geographical distribution and timing of infectious disease occurrences and how they are transmitted and maintained in nature, with the goal of controlling outbreaks

A

epidemiology

79
Q

______ : the study of the causes of disease and investigation of disease transmission

A

etiology

80
Q

_____ is the number of new cases (morbidity or mortality) during a specified time period

A

incidence

81
Q

____ is the total number of affected in the population again usually expressed as a proportion

A

prevalence

82
Q

Patterns of incidence includ

A

Sporadic diseases
Endemic diseases
Epidemic diseases
Pandemic diseases

83
Q

______ diseases only occur rarely and largely without geographic focus

A

sporadic

84
Q

_____ diseases occur at a constant and often low level within a population

A

endemic

85
Q

_____ diseases larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time w in a geographic region

A

Epidemic

86
Q

_____ diseases occur when an outbreak occurs on a world wide scale

A

pandemic

87
Q

Types of epidemiology include

A

Descriptive
Retrospective
Prospective
Analytical
Experimental

88
Q

____________ epidemiology: studies rely on case analysis and patient histories to gain information about outbreaks frequently while they are still occuring

A

Descriptive

89
Q

_____ epidemiology: studies use historical data to identify associations w the disease state of present cases

A

Retrospective

90
Q

_______ epidemiology: studies gather data and follow cases to find associations with future disease states

A

Prospective

91
Q

________ epidemiology: studies are observational studies that are carefully designed to compare groups and uncover associations between environmental or genetic factors and disease

A

Analytical

92
Q

______ epidemiology: studies generate strong evidence of causation in disease or treatment by manipulating subjects and comparing them with control subjects

A

Experimental

93
Q

_______ transmission can be direct or indirect through physical contact with either an infected host or contact with a fomite that host has made contact with previously

A

Contact

94
Q

____ transmission occurs when soil water or air carries an infectious agent to a new host

A

Vehicle

95
Q

_______ transmission occurs when living organism carries an infectious agent on its body (mechanical) or as an infection host itself (biological) to a new host

A

Vector

MICRO (6 decks)

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