EXAM 4 Flashcards
Physical defenses include
Physical barriers
Mechanical defenses
Microbiome
Chemical defenses include
Chemicals and enzymes in body fluids
Antimicrobial peptides
Plasma protein mediators
Cytokines
Cellular defenses include
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
_____ ______ ______ provides a first line of defense against infection by nonspecifically blocking entry of microbes and targeting them for destruction or removal from the body
Nonspecific innate immunity
The physical defenses of innate immunity includ
Physical barriers ->
-skin
-Endothelia
Mechanical actions ->
-mucociliary escalator
-flushing of bodily fluids (tears)
Chemical mediators are found in body fluids such as
Saliva
Mucus
Gastric and intestinal fluids (stomach acid)
Tears
Tears and Mucus secrete the enzyme
Lysozyme
______ _____ are produced in response to the presence of pathogens
Antimicrobial peptides
_____ are produced by epithelial cells or macrophages and neutrophils and may be secreted or act inside host cells and damage plasma membranes
defensins
Compliment proteins include
Alternative
Classical
Lectin
_______ : initiated by the spontaneous activation
Alternative complement protein
_______: initiated by a specific antibody
Classical complement protein
______ (an acute phase protein)
Lectin complement protein
_______ are proteins that facilitate various nonspecific responses by innate immune cells
Cytokines
Three important classes of cytokines are
Interleukins
Chemokines
Interferons
__________ ____ and _____: produced and released by cells infected with virus
Interferon alpha and beta (type 1)
______ __ : important activator of immune cells (works against bacteria)
Interferon - y
Inflammation eliciting mediators
Histamine
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Bradykinin
Cytokines play a key role in the inflammatory response, bind to _____ ____ inducing them to release inflammation eliciting mediators.
mast cells
______ are leukocytes characterized by a lobed nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm
Granulocytes
______ are the leukocytes found in the largest numbers in the bloodstream and they primarily fight bacterial infections
Neutrophils (PMNs)
Eosinophils and _______ are involved in allergic reactions
Basophils
_______ target parasitic infections.
Eosinophils
____ ____ function similarly to basophils but can be found in tissues outside the bloodstream
Mast cells