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MICRO > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Physical defenses include

A

Physical barriers
Mechanical defenses
Microbiome

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2
Q

Chemical defenses include

A

Chemicals and enzymes in body fluids
Antimicrobial peptides
Plasma protein mediators
Cytokines

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3
Q

Cellular defenses include

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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4
Q

_____ ______ ______ provides a first line of defense against infection by nonspecifically blocking entry of microbes and targeting them for destruction or removal from the body

A

Nonspecific innate immunity

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5
Q

The physical defenses of innate immunity includ

A

Physical barriers ->
-skin
-Endothelia
Mechanical actions ->
-mucociliary escalator
-flushing of bodily fluids (tears)

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6
Q

Chemical mediators are found in body fluids such as

A

Saliva
Mucus
Gastric and intestinal fluids (stomach acid)
Tears

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7
Q

Tears and Mucus secrete the enzyme

A

Lysozyme

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8
Q

______ _____ are produced in response to the presence of pathogens

A

Antimicrobial peptides

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9
Q

_____ are produced by epithelial cells or macrophages and neutrophils and may be secreted or act inside host cells and damage plasma membranes

A

defensins

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10
Q

Compliment proteins include

A

Alternative
Classical
Lectin

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11
Q

_______ : initiated by the spontaneous activation

A

Alternative complement protein

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12
Q

_______: initiated by a specific antibody

A

Classical complement protein

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13
Q

______ (an acute phase protein)

A

Lectin complement protein

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14
Q

_______ are proteins that facilitate various nonspecific responses by innate immune cells

A

Cytokines

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15
Q

Three important classes of cytokines are

A

Interleukins
Chemokines
Interferons

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16
Q

__________ ____ and _____: produced and released by cells infected with virus

A

Interferon alpha and beta (type 1)

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17
Q

______ __ : important activator of immune cells (works against bacteria)

A

Interferon - y

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18
Q

Inflammation eliciting mediators

A

Histamine
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Bradykinin

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19
Q

Cytokines play a key role in the inflammatory response, bind to _____ ____ inducing them to release inflammation eliciting mediators.

A

mast cells

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20
Q

______ are leukocytes characterized by a lobed nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm

A

Granulocytes

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21
Q

______ are the leukocytes found in the largest numbers in the bloodstream and they primarily fight bacterial infections

A

Neutrophils (PMNs)

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22
Q

Eosinophils and _______ are involved in allergic reactions

A

Basophils

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23
Q

_______ target parasitic infections.

A

Eosinophils

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24
Q

____ ____ function similarly to basophils but can be found in tissues outside the bloodstream

A

Mast cells

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25
Q

_______ lack visible granules in the cytoplasm categorized as lymphocytes or monocytes

A

Agranulocytes

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26
Q

Monocytes differentiate and become:

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells

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27
Q

Neutrophils work best against

A

Bacteria

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28
Q

Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, known as

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns
PAMPs

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29
Q

The receptors that bind PAMPs are called

A

pattern recognition receptors or PRRs

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30
Q

_____ ____ ____ are one type of PRR found of phagocytes

A

Toll like receptors TLRs

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31
Q

Phagocytes degrade pathogens through _______

A

Phagocytosis

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32
Q

_______ involves engulfing the pathogen killing and digesting it within a ______ and then excreting undigested matter

A

Phagocytosis
Phagolysosome

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33
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Erythema
edema
heat
pain
altered function

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34
Q

Adaptive immunity is a dual system involving
- _____ _____ (antibodies produced by Bcells)
_ _____ ______ ( T cells directed against intracellular pathogens)

A

Humoral immunity

Cellular immunity

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35
Q

_______ also called _______ are molecules that activate adaptive immunity

A

antigens
immunogens

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36
Q

A single antigen possesses smaller _______ each capable of inducing a specific adaptive immune response

A

epitopes

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37
Q

_______ free epitopes not large enough to be antigenic unless attached to a larger carrier molecule.

A

Haptens

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38
Q

_______ are not known to be associated with any specific pathogens, but they are responsible for some allergic responses

A

Haptens

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39
Q

__________ (________) are Y shaped glycoproteins with two Fab sites for binding antigens and an Fc portion involved in complement activation and opsonization

A

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

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40
Q

The five classes of antibody are

A

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD

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41
Q

Most abundant antibody in human blood
able to cross the placental barrier

A

IgG

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42
Q

-Pentamer
-the first antibody produced and secreted by B cells during the primary and secondary immune responses
- great at agglutination

A

IgM

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43
Q

dimer
found in the mucus secretions
protect the mucous membranes (also in breast milk tears and saliva)

A

IgA

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44
Q

Found on the surface of B cells

A

IgD

45
Q

Anti-parasitic defenses and allergic reactions
binds to basophils and masts cells

A

IgE

46
Q

The pentameric structure of IgM makes it the most efficient antibody for

A

agglutination

47
Q

______ ______ ______ is a collection genes coding for glycoprotein molecules expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells

A

Major histocompatibility complex

48
Q

_________ molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and are essential for presentation of normal “self” antigens

A

MHC 1

49
Q

_________ molecules are expressed only on the surface of ______ (macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells)

A

MHC 2

Antigen presenting cells

50
Q

Antigen presenting with _______ is essential for the activation of T cells

A

MHC 2

51
Q

Immature __________ are produced in the red bone marrow and travel to the thymus for maturation

A

T lymphocytes

52
Q

______ ______ is a three step process of negative and positive selection that determines which T cells will mature and exit the thymus into the peripheral blood stream

A

Thymic selection

53
Q

Once activated _______ ______ target and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens

A

Cytotoxic T cells

54
Q

Killing with _________ requires recognition of specific pathogen epitopes presented on the cell surface using MHC 1 molecules

A

Cytotoxic T cells

55
Q

_________ are bacterial or viral proteins that cause a nonspecific activation of helper T cells leading to an excessive release of cytokines and a systemic potentially fatal inflammatory response

A

Superantigens

56
Q

Protein antigens are called _______ antigens because they can only activate B cells with the cooperation of helper T cells

A

T dependent antigens

57
Q

Other molecule classes do not require T cell cooperation and are called

A

T independent antigens

58
Q

Defensins are

A

Epithelial cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils

59
Q

Inflammation eliciting mediators

A

Histamin
leukotrienes
prostaglandins
Bradykinin

60
Q

______ _______ _______ of B cells involves cross linkage BCR’s by repetitive NONPROTEIN antigen epitopes.

A

T-cell independent activation

61
Q

T cell independent activation is characterized by the production of IgM by ___ ____ and does not produce memory B cells

A

plasma cells

62
Q

______ ____ ___ of B cells involves processing and presentation of PROTEIN antigens to helper T cells

A

T cell dependent activation

63
Q

Activation of the B cells by cytokines secreted from activated TH2 Cells and plasma cells that produce different classes of antibodies as a result of _____ _____
_____ _____ are also produced

A

class switching

Memory B cells

64
Q

: natural exposure ( you get sick) and you make your own antibodies

A

natural active immunity

65
Q

:natural passage of Ab by IgG before birth or by IgA in breast milk

A

natural passive immunity
remember PASS

65
Q

transfer of Ab produced by a donor to another person

A

artificial passive immunity

66
Q

the foundation for vaccination

A

artificial active immunity

67
Q

Modern vaccination was developed by

A

Edward Jenner

68
Q

Vaccination were developed by inoculating patients with infectious materials from a ____ ____ lesions to prevent ______

A

milkmaids cowpox

small pox

69
Q

what are the different classes of vaccines

A

live attenuated vaccines
inactivated vaccines
subunit vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
conjugate vaccines

70
Q

______ ____ vaccines are weakened strain of a pathogen

A

live attenuated

71
Q

_______ vaccines contain whole pathogens that have been killed or inactivated

A

Inactivated

72
Q

_____ vaccines produced either by chemically degrading a pathogen and isolated its key antigens or by producing the antigens through genetic engineering

A

subunit

73
Q

_______ vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins

A

toxoid

74
Q

______ vaccines a type of subunit vaccine that consists of a protein conjugated to a capsule polysacharide

A

Conjugate

75
Q

An _____ is an adaptive immune response sometimes life threatening

A

allergy

76
Q

this allergy requires sensitization of masts cells with _____ involving an initial antibody response and attachment to masts cells

A

Type 1 anaphylaxis hypersensitivity

77
Q

this allergy may be localized and relatively minor (hives and hay fever) or system wide and dangerous

A

Type 1 anaphylaxis

78
Q

this allergy result from antibodies (IgG and IgM) binding to cell surface antigens and initiating cytotoxic responses.

A

Type 2 Cytotoxic hypersensitivities

79
Q

Examples of Type 2 cytotoxic are

A

Hemolytic transfusion reaction
Hemolytic disease of the newborn

80
Q

this allergy result from formation and accumulation of antibody antigen immune complexes (usually IgG) in tissues stimulating damaging inflammatory responses

A

Type 3 serum sickness

81
Q

this allergy are not mediated by antibodies but by helper T cell activation of macrophages eosinophils and cytotoxic T cells

A

Type 4

82
Q

Examples of Type 4 (TH1 mediated) allergy are

A

contact dermatitis
latex allergy
hapten antigens from poison ivy

83
Q

_____ ____ result from a breakdown in immunological tolerance ( the ability to recognize self)

A

autoimmune diseases

84
Q

Organ specific autoimmune diseases include

A

Disorders of thyroid:
Graves disease
hashimoto thyroiditis
type 1 diabetes

85
Q

_____ disease is most common because of hyperthyroidism in US. Antibody STIMULATES the thyroid

A

graves disease

86
Q

______ _____ most common bc of hyperthyroidism in us
antibody ATTACKS thyroid

A

HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS

87
Q

Systemic autoimmune diseases include

A

multiple sclerosis
myasthenia gravis
psoriasis
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosus

88
Q

Grafts and transplants can be classified based on the genetic differences between the donors and recepients tissues
name the 4

A

autografts
isografts
allografts
xenografts

89
Q

_________ disease can occur in bone marrow transplants as the mature T cells in the transplant itself recognize the recepients tissues as foreign

A

graft vs host disease

90
Q

Primary immunodeficiencies are caused by

A

genetic abnormalities

91
Q

Primary immunodeficiencies include

A

Chronic granulomatous disease
x linked agammaglobulinemia
selective IgA deficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

92
Q

________ _______ are acquired through disease diet or environmental exposures

A

Secondary Immunodeficiencies

93
Q

Causes for secondary immunodeficiencies include

A

malnutrition
viral infection
diabetes
prolonged infections
chemical or radiation exposure

94
Q

_______ is the whole serum collected from an animal following exposure to an antigen

A

antiserum
(Think snake)

95
Q

______ _____ is the probability of getting a positive test result when a patient is indeed infected

A

test sensitivity

96
Q

______ _____ provide higher specificity than polyclonal antisera because they bind to a single epitope and usually have high _______

A

monoclonal antibodies (mABs)
affinity

97
Q

_Monoclonal antibodies (mABs)
______ are B cells that are fused with myeloma (immortal cancer cells)

A

Hybridomas

98
Q

______ are currently being used to treat cancer but their exorbitant cost has prevented them from being used more widely to treat infectious diseases

A

mABs

99
Q

Potential for laboratory and clinical use is driving the development of new cost effective solutions as ______ as opposed to mABs

A

plantibodies

100
Q

laboratory tests to detect antibodies and antigens OUTSIDE of the body are called _________ assays

A

in vitro

101
Q

A ____ ____ ___ can be used to visualize lattice formation in solution

A

precipitin ring test

102
Q

The highest dilution with a _____ ____ is used to determine the titer of the antibodies

A

visible ring

103
Q

the _____ is the reciprocal of the highest dilution showing a positive result expressed as a whole number and gives a measure of _______ activity

A

titer
biological

104
Q

________ assay: viral infections can be detected by quantifying virus neutralizing antibodies in a patients serum

A

Neutralization

105
Q

Different antibody classes in plasma or serum are identified by using

A

IEP
immunoelectrophoresis

106
Q

Multiple myeloma (abnormal IgM) is diagnosed using

A

IEP

107
Q

_____ ____ test is used to check for antibodies against pathogens that are difficult to culture

A

compliment fixation test

MICRO (7 decks)

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