Final Vocab Flashcards
Osteoporosis:
Age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass, causing bones to be more susceptible to fracture
Papillae:
Epithelium surrounding taste buds; papillae appear on the
tongue as little red dots, or raised bumps, and are most prevalent on
the dorsal epithelium.
Parotitis:
Inflammation of the parotid gland.
Pellagra:
Deficiency resulting from inadequate intake of niacin, which
results in the four Ds (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death).
Periodontal disease
Infections and lesions affecting tissues that form the
attachment apparatus of a tooth or teeth.
Periodontitis:
Inflammatory process involving interproximal and
marginal areas of two or more adjacent teeth.
Peristalsis
Involuntary rhythmic waves of contraction traveling the length
of the alimentary tract.
Petechia
Small, pinpoint, round red spot caused by
submucous hemorrhage.
Pica:
Abnormal consumption of specific food and nonfood substances,
such as dirt, clay, starch, or ice; occurs more frequently during
pregnancy.
Premature:
Born before the state of maturity, occurring with a gestational
age (length of pregnancy) of less than 37 weeks
Protease:
An enzyme that begins the process of digesting dietary proteins.
Purging:
Use of laxatives, enemas, emetics, diuretics, or exercise to negate
effects of overindulgence
Remineralization:
Restoration or return of calcium, phosphates, and other
minerals into areas that have been damaged, as by incipient caries,
abrasion, or erosion.
Renin:
Enzyme synthesized in the kidney; released in response to low
blood pressure.
Rickets:
Condition resulting from vitamin D deficiency, especially in
infancy and childhood; causes disturbance of normal bone formation.
Sarcopenia:
Progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and function due
to the aging process.
Suppuration:
Discharge or formation of pus.
Thromboembolism:
Plug or clot in a blood vessel formed by coagulation
of blood.
24- hour recall:
A method of assessing everything a person has consumed
(foods, supplements, and beverages) in a 24-hour period; may or may
not reflect a typical day.
Vitamins:
General term for numerous related organic, noncaloric
substances present in foods in small amounts
Xerostomia:
Dryness of the mouth resulting from inadequate salivary
secretion.
Xylitol:
Sugar alcohol used as a sugar substitute; considered a nutritive
sweetener; provides four calories per gram.
Abrasion .
A permanent reduction of tooth surface, that is caused by pathologic tooth wear
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Main form of energy used by cells.
Adequate intake
The average amount of nutrient that maintains a defined nutritional state; derived from mean nutrient intakes by groups of healthy people.
Amylase
An enzyme that begins the process of digesting dietary carbohydrates.
Anorexia
Lack or loss of appetite.
Appetite
External factors that influence people to seek and eat food even when not hungry.
Basal energy expenditure
Persons total caloric requirement.
Bioavailability .
Amount of nutrient available to the body based on its absorption
Bruxism
Clenching and grinding after teeth which erodes and diminishes the height of dental crowns
Calorie
Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius; measurement of the potential energy value of foods and energy within the body equivalent to 1000 calories; More accurately called kilocalorie.
Celiac disease
Malabsorption syndrome in which individuals are hypersensitive to gluten a protein inherited to wheat, rye, barley and triticale.
Collagen
Basic protein substance of connective tissue helping support body structures such as the skin, bones, teeth, and tendons.
Crepitus
Crackling or grating sounds made by a joint such as the temporomandibular joint
Dental erosion
Chemical removal of minerals from the tooth structure that occurs when an acidic environment causes the enamel to dissolve gradually; Occurs with frequent exposures to foods with a pH below 4.2.
Dietary reference Intakes
Set of nutrient based reference values that identify amounts of required nutrients for various stages of life.
Food deserts
Located in lower income, inner city, and rural areas, with few supermarkets but numerous small stores that stock limited nutritious food items, particularly produced at affordable prices.
Fortification
Process of adding nutrients not present in the natural product or to increase the amount above that is in the original product.
Functional fiber
Isolated, non-digestible carbohydrates with beneficial physiological effects in humans.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Return of gastric contents into the esophagus causing a severe burning sensation under the sternum.
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gingival tissue.
Gluten
Protein found mainly in wheat and to a lesser degree in rye, oats, and barley.
Hunger
Physiological drive to eat or an uneasy or painful sensation caused by the lack of food.
Iatrogenic
Adverse condition resulting from treatment by a health care provider
Immune response
Body’s ability to protect itself from destructive bacteria and infection present in the body.
Insulin
Hormone that lowers blood sugar levels.
Low nutrient density
Foods having a high fat, alcohol, or sugar content with nominal amounts of vitamins and mineral.
Macronutrients
Nutrients needed in large amounts by the body to provide energy carbohydrates proteins and fats.
Mastication
Process in which teeth crush and grind food into smaller pieces to initiate digestion.
Metabolism
Continuous process whereby living organisms and cells convert nutrients into energy body structures and waste.
Microbiome
All microbial cells in the human body, including bacterial, fungal, protozoal, and other single cell microorganisms.
Micronutrients
Nutrients needed by the body in small amounts example vitamins and minerals.
Nutrients
Biochemical substance that can be supplied in adequate amounts only from an outside source, normally from foods.
Nutrition
Study of foods and nutrients and their effects on health, growth and development.
Nutritional deficiency
Inadequate amounts of a nutrient available to sustained biochemical functions.
Obesity
Excess weight or height with a BMI above 30.0.
Overweight Excess accumulation of body fat or a BMI between 25.0 and 29 9.
Excess accumulation of body fat or a BMI between 25.0 and 29 9.
