Final test 1 Flashcards
What are the 10 command functions?
- Assume effective command and confirm operations
- Rapidly size up the situation
- Initiate, maintain and control the communications process
- Identify the overall strategy and develop an attack plan and assign crews.
- Develop an effective fire-ground organization
- Provide continuing command within the framework of department SOP’s
- Coordinate transfer of command as required
- Review, evaluate and revise attack plan as required
- request and assign additional crews as required
- Terminate operations/command and return crews to service.
Define Knot, Bend, Hitch?
KNOTS Defined as a rope intertwined within itself to form a predetermined configuration. BENDS Defined as a tie that is used to join two pieces of rope, or webbing, together HITCHES Defined as a configuration of a rope that needs an object within to retain its integrity
What are the organizational principle’s of the EFRS?
- Discipline 2. Unity of command 3. Division of labour 4. Span of control
What are the 6 core functions of Fire Rescue Operations within the ERFS? (1068 FTEs)
Robert Scott MacDonald (Barry Lamb)
- Fire suppression/ Event response
- Medical events response
- Rescue event response
- Hazardous materials event response
- Regional mutual aid event response
- Specialty operations
What are the 6 core functions of Office and Emergency Management within the ERFS? ( 8 FTEs)
Robert Squire (Brian Cornforth)
- Emergency Management Planning
- Emergency Management Training and Public Awareness
- Emergency Operations Centre
- Emergency Support Services
- Corporate Business/ Continuity Planning
What are the 6 core functions of Public Safety within the ERFS? ( 65 FTEs)
Russel Croome
- Quality Management Plan
- Fire prevention and public education
- Fire investigations
- Fire Inspections
- FRS/EPS partnered arson investigations
- Fire protection engineering
What are the 6 core functions of Technical Services within the ERFS? ( 54 FTEs)
Brian Singleton
- Call evaluation/dispatch/communication
- Data and analytics
- public safety technology
- mapping services
- Environmental management
- Fire accreditation
What are the 5 core functions of Training and Logistics within the ERFS? ( 35 FTEs)
Kevin Lefebrve
- Training and E-learning
- Fire rescue facilities
- Fire rescue fleet and equipment
- Logistical planning (PPE,SCBA and equipment)
- Health and wellness programming
8 things a fire fighter shall not do?
All Members Shall Not
Engage in any activity that is detrimental to the department.
Engage in a conflict of interest to the department
Use their position with the department for personal gain or influence.
Fight.
Abuse their sick leave.
Steal.
Use alcoholic beverages, debilitating drugs, or any substance which could impair their physical or mental capabilities while on duty.
Engage in any sexual activity while on duty.
4 benchmarks at a fire?
- Primary search complete
- Fire control
- Secondary search complete
- Fire out
4 responsibilities of command?
- Safety
- Rescue
- Fire control
- Salvage
7 components of an ICAW?
- Accountability
- Outline Emergency site plan
- Plan of attack
- Progress
- Available resources
- Transfer of command
- Final report
Phonetic Alphabet?
Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrott, Golf, Hotel, India, Julliet, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-Ray, Yankee, Zulu
AEIOU TIPS reasons for altered LOC?
A — Alcohol/Acidosis
E — Endocrine
Epilepsy
Electrolytes
Encephalopathy
I — Infection
O — Opiates, Overdose
U — Uremia
T — Trauma
I — Insulin
P — Poisoning/Psychosis
S — Stroke/Seizure/syncope
PACCAN?
Pass Alarm, Air Assessment, Communicate, Conditions, Actions Needs
P. A. C. C. A. N.
P - Pass alarm- Shut off alarm (look for flashing light)
A -Air- Assess for breathing Look, listen, feel for breathing.
Check for “blow by”.
If no “blow by” turn on bypass valve to check for air flow
Check SCBA Air level on the bottle.
C - Communicate Inform Command: a downed or disorientated FF found.
IF necessary – call a MAYDAY (unable to exit within the 60 second time frame).
C - Conditions Where you are located?
What conditions are you dealing with (injuries, collapse, multiple victims, etc.)?
A – Actions
What is your plan of action (packaging for extrication, removal, SCBA change over, and / or where you plan to extricate victim to, etc.)
N- Needs
Additional RIC, additional or specific tools, hose lines, etc.
School/recruits/
List 10 items of structural firefighter gear?
- Fire Helmet
- Flash Hood
- Protective Coat (Bunker coat)
- Protective Trousers (Bunker pants)
- Firefighter Gloves
- Firefighting Boots
- Eye Protection
- Hearing Protection
- Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) complete with PASS alarm
- Face Piece
3 components of bunker pants?
- An outer shell.
- A moisture barrier.
- A thermal layer.
Fire extinguisher symbols, colours and discharge times and distances?
Class A – green triangle
Class B – red square
Class C – blue circle
Class D – yellow star
Class K – no color symbol “K”
Ladder palcement for hose streams, rescue, ventilation?
8/19
Ventilation
To provide a vantage point for breaking a window
for ventilation.
Position the ladder on the upwind side of the
window, ladder tip even with the top of the window.
Hose Stream
To provide a vantage point from which to direct a
hose stream or provide forced ventilation.
Position the ladder directly in front of the window
with the tip on the wall above the top of the
window.
Consider the wind direction always placing the
ladder slightly to the windward side of center.
Entry/Egress/Rescue
To facilitate access or egress for entry, escape, or rescue from a window.
For a Small window or unconscious patient rescue
• Position the ladder tip even or just below the window sill in the middle of the window.
For a Large or conscious patient rescue
• Position the ladder so two or three rungs are inside the room and above the window sill.
WHMIS classification and symbols?
- Class A Compressed Gas
- Class B Flammable & Combustible Material
- Class C Oxidizing Material
- Class D Poisonous & Infectious Material
- Class E Corrosive Material
- Class F Dangerously Reactive Material
What does WHMIS stand for?
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System)
5 Factor that affect woods ignition?
- Density of the wood
- Size and form of wood
- Moisture content
- Rate of preheating
- Ignition source.
Define Major and minor crews?
Major crew - one officer and two or more firefighters
Minor crew - one officer and one firefighter.
Types of construction, which one is more likely to have a fire cut?
Type 5 Woodframe costruction
Platform construction
3 levels of fire ground organization? 4/9
- Strategic levels – these are command functions
- Tactical levels – these are sector functions
3, Task levels – these are the tasks of the fire fighters within a sector.
3 Types of 2 Way radio stations?
- Base station
- Mobile station
- Portable station
Types of SCBA, characteristics of each? 5/4
- Closed-circuit systems
• Also known as re-breather apparatus
• Uses dried compressed air or an oxygen source stored in a cylinder.
• Exhaled air in a re-breather apparatus stays within the system. Carbon dioxide is ‘scrubbed’ from the exhaled and the air is then recycled into the inhaled air.
• Provides longer air-supply duration then open circuit.
• This system is not used by the Edmonton Fire / Rescue Department; however it is used by the City in the water & sanitation services. - Open circuit systems
• Uses dried compressed air stored in a cylinder.
• In an open-circuit SCBA exhaled air is vented through a regulator to the outside atmosphere.
• This system is used by the Edmonton Fire / Rescue Department. - Supplied air systems (SABA)
• Uses dried compressed air stored in a cylinder.
• Air is supplied to the SCBA via a hose connected to an air cart or other large air supply cylinder.
• This system has limited use by the Edmonton Fire / Rescue Department on Ladder apparatus
NFPA
Fire ops chain of command, 8 positions?
Firefighter – – Fire Fighter Qualified – – Captain – – Senior Captain – – District Chief – Platoon Chief – – Deputy Chief of Operations – – Fire Chief
Engine pressure formula? 12/45
PDP= NP+FL+APL (+/- EP)
Characteristics of Master stream appliances?
hose, flows, pressure. etc. ?
- Deck/Deluge Gun = 2650 LPM @700 kPa (E-One) New Units will operate @ 500 kPa
- 65 mm Quick Attack Monitor
Has 3 setting for flow: 950-1400-1900 LPM
1900 LPM at 1034 kPa – max pressure
- Ladder = 7000 LPM @ 1000 kPa
- Quints = 5682 LPM @ 700 kPa (reserve units)
Items required for high rise entry/recon, fire attack? 19/19?
- Red High Rise Kit
- Green High Rise Kit
- Irons (Halligan/Axe)
- SCBA
- K-Tool
- TIC
Define Pysolosis? 13/5
Pyrolysis defined is the chemical decomposition of a solid material by heating
Definition Fire? 13/5
Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction called combustion that releases energy in the form of heat and sometimes visible light.
Flashover definition?
Flashover is a very rapid transition from local burning of the contents within a compartment to widespread burning of all exposed fuels within that compartment.
3 command modes? 4/8
- Mobile Command
- Nothing showing
- Fast Attack
High Rise attack strategies? 17/15
Fire Commands strategy is based on the building design and information provided – OFFENSIVE or DEFENSIVE and Fire Attacks strategy is also based on the building design and conditions – DIRECT or INDIRECT attack.
Rope life span with no usage?
5 years
Types of standpipes including connection diameters?
• Dry system – not filled with water until needed in firefighting. Used only by firefighters. Must be manually charged by fire department.
• Wet system – standpipe is filled with water and is pressurized at all times.
• Wet/Dry Combination system – Portions of the system are pressured with water and other portions are pressured with air.
The standpipe system can also be divided into one of three classes.
- Class I - provides 65mm hose line connections to supply water. These are usually found in the stairwells of the high rise structure or at dedicated areas within a warehouse.
- Class II – provides 38mm hose cabinets that may be used by either occupants or firefighters.
- Class III – provides both a Class I and Class II standpipe system – hose cabinet and standpipe connection. The 65mm connection may be in the stairwell or found in the hose cabinet.
3 basic configurations (construction) of rope?
- Laid Rope
Laid rope is also called “twisted rope”. Generally laid rope is a 3 strand twisted method of construction. Rope will rotate under load. - Braid Rope
Strands are braided in a flat pattern i.e. 3 braid, 5-braid, etc. Rope does not rotate under load - Double Braid
Also called braid on braid, consists of an inner braid filling the central void in an outer braid. - Plaited Rope
Is made by braiding twisted strands, and is also called a square braid. This rope type is mostly used in the shipping industry.
5.Kernmantle Rope
Inhalation hazards at a fire scene?
- O2 Deficiency
- Smoke
- Toxins
- High temperatures
Radio Talk groups?
Fire
EMS
Hospital
Mutual
National
Simplex
Ebackup2
Fbackup2
3 ways to request fire rescue and the most common?
Telephone (most common)
Radio
Walk-in
4 components of the SCBA, which one can’t have versitol used on?
Cylinder
Harness
Face Piece (no versitol?)
PASS System
Pressures associated with SCBA’s?
4500,3600,300-400,200,85-110, 0.8-1.5
4 components of the fire tetrahedron?
fuel, heat, oxygen, and self-sustaining chemical reaction
What does SAMPLE stand for?
Signs and symptoms
Allergies
Medication
Past Medical history
Last Oral Intake
Events leading up to
4 methods of fire spread?
No idea
4 methods of heat transfer?
Through walls by heat conduction through pipes or beams
Through hallways or corridors by convection, radiation, or direct flame contact
Through open spaces by radiation or convection
3 mechanical sources of heat?
- Adiabatic pressure
- Friction
- Friction sparks
Rank insignias and position of each?
2/13
In relation to the fire floor, where is staging and fire attack?
two floors below
Hasty sling characteristics and length?
The webbing is 25mm in width and is 6 meters in length. It is orange in color so that it can not be confused with other tubular webbing used for rope rescue or water rescue operations. The webbing has a rated breaking strength of 17.5 kN. This nearly doubles the 10 kN rating that is required for personal fall protection.
Expand SSSF and what factor does EFRS observe?
The larger the ratio of the Static System Safety factor the greater the safety factor. EFRS uses a SSSF of 10:1 this is approximately equivalent to a Dynamic System Safety Factor of 2:1. In other words the system is designed to withstand twice the dynamic force it may be subjected to.
Forcible entry size up factors?
Type of construction
Available access to the doors, windows, or walls
Available tools
Time
Types of doors?
4 Types of doors
Swinging (inward/outward)
Sliding
Revolving
Overhead
Types of windows?
- Awning
- Factory projected
- Slider
- Jalousie
- Hinged/Casement
- Single hung
Type of roofs?
- Flat roof
- 1 Inverted roof
- 2Rain Roof
- 3 Wooden deck roof
- 4Metal deck roof
- 5 Concrete roof
- 6 Poured Gypsum roof
- 7 Mansard roof
- Pitched roof
- Curved or arched roof
- Combination roofs
Carbon Monoxide details?
- odourless, colourless
- Flammable range 12.5 to 74%
- Ignition temp. 610 C
Pentane
LEL 1.5%
UEL 7.8%
AUTO Ignition 260 C
Vapour density Heavier
Flashpoint -49 C
Factors that make water the primary extinguishing agent?
- Inexpensive
- Universal abundance
- Ability to absorb heat
- Can be conveyed long distances
- Easily stored
3 types of anchors in a rope rescue system?
- Natural Anchors
- Structural Anchors
- Pseudo Anchors
4 components of a rope rescue system? 29/20 ?
- Anchor System
- Body holding harness
- Rope rescue plan
- Brake, belay, haul system
Expand I.D.E.A.S?
I.D.E.A.S.
Integrity - What is the integrity of the anchor point? How is it rooted to the ground or building? Does it have sufficient mass to withstand the force that may be applied to it?
Direction of Force – What is the direction of the force of the load upon the anchor? The anchor should be in line with the force being applied to it or any anticipated direction of force. Incorrect alignment may cause torqueing forces to the anchor, unequal loading of the anchor points or a pendulum of the rescue load.
Equalization & no Extension - The anchor legs should have equal tension placed on both legs. This will enable the anchor points to share the load of the system. Also, there should be no extension to the system. Extension refers to the movement of the focal point, should one anchor leg fail there should not be any extension of the anchor legs causing high impact forces to be placed on the remaining anchor point.
Angles - Examine the anchor system for “critical angles.” Critical angles increase the force of the load on the anchor points. This may cause a failure of the anchor system.
System of anchors - What type of anchor system is required for the situation, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of designed system?
3 Types of contamination?
- Red Bag - Biological contamination (Body Fluids)
- Yellow Bag – Hazardous Materials (Acids, Hydrocarbons)
- Green Bag – General Soiling
Breaking strengh of rope rescue equipment?
Rope Size Minimum Breaking Strength
• 6 mm 9.7 kN *
• 8 mm 14.0 kN *
• 9 mm 16.0 kN *
• 11.1 mm 27.0 kN *
• 13 mm 46.0 kN *
• 25 mm tubular webbing 17.5 kN
Steel Triangular Screw Link
Breaking Strength 44.03 kN
“Personal use” (“P”-rated) carabiners shall have a minimum major axis breaking strength of at least 26.67 kN (27 kN)and a minimum minor axis breaking strength of a t least 7.33 kN. “General use” (“G”-rated) carabiners shall have a minimum major axis breaking strength of at least 40 kN and a minimum minor axis breaking strength of a t least 10.67 kN. .
2 types of property damge?
- Primary Damage occurs as a result of the fire itself.
- Secondary Damage occurs as a result of fire fighting efforts such as forcible entry, applying water, ventilation, search and rescue, and searching for hidden fires.
Areas that salvage minimizes damage from?
Forcible entry
Water
Fire
Smoke
Methods of powering tools?
- Hand – requiring human force
- Electric – electric power, generally from portable generators
- Pneumatic – power is generated by a compressed air source
- Hydraulic – pump powered by electric generator
- Gasoline – Gas powered tool such as a chainsaw….
3 reasons for using the primary and secondary marking system?
The purpose of the marking system is three fold.
1. To clearly identify rooms that have be
searched.
2. To keep track of where crews are if they go
missing
3. To let a relief crew know how far the previous
crew got if they were unable to finish their
task.
2 TIC modes?
- The Normal Mode or start up mode (0-320 Fahrenheit)
high sensitivity and low temperature
shades of yellow till 275 degrees, Orange till 297 and then red till 320.
2. The Firefighting mode (320- 1040)
Low sensitivity” and “High Temperature”
842 shades of yellow turning orange until 914 and then turn red to th ceiling temp of 1040.
Requirements of effective TIC operations?
Thermal Imaging Operations
There are 3 keys to effective operation
Orientation
Interpretation
Communication
Non fire related uses for TIC?
Examples for Thermal Imaging Camera applications:
Size – Up
Search and Rescue
Fire Attack
Ventilation
Overhaul
Hazardous Material Events
Wild Land Operations
Training
Exterior Woodland (missing persons) search
Water Rescue Events
3 Factors that affect the solid stream reach?
- Wind
- Gravity
- Air Friction
5 factors that affect the fog stream
- Wind
- Gravity
- Air Friction
- Pattern
- Velocity
Types of pressures in water systems?
- Normal operating pressure
- Residual pressure
- Static pressure
- Flow pressure
Definition flashover?
Flashover is the very rapid transition of the local burning within a compartment to the widespread burning of all fuels within that compartment
Victim rescue priorities?
- Most severely threatened.
- Largest number that have gathered in groups.
- The remainder.
3 types of victims?
- Able bodied
- Disabled
- Unconcious
Search and rescue priorities for high rises?
- Fire Floor
- Floor Above
- Floor Below
- Top Most Floor or Roof (if Accessible)
- Remaining floor downward from the topmost or roof
Duties of Big Gate?
Big gate position
Duties of Big Gate for the purpose of laying a supply line in a forward lay.
1. Safely dismount the apparatus wearing all PPE carrying a radio.
2. Remove the hydrant gate from the rear of the apparatus.
3. Wrap 125 mm hose around the hydrant.
4. Stand on the hose and signal small gate when ready.
5. When the apparatus is stopped or when it is safe to do so, remove steamer cap from hydrant.
6. Inspect the barrel of hydrant and connect gate.
7. Ensure that the drain valve on hydrant gate is in the open position.
- Radio or signal driver or sector officer that you are ready to turn on the hydrant.
- Open hydrant when ordered by driver or sector officer, close drain valve.
- Gather tools, remove kinks in the hose and report to your officer for reassignment.
Duties of small gate?
Small gate position
Duties of Small gate for the purpose of laying a supply line to the apparatus at the scene or to itself
1. Safely dismount the apparatus wearing all PPE carrying a radio.
2. If riding on a new Smeal Pumper ensure the coffin doors are electrically opened – allows for free travel of hose when the vehicle is in motion, the apparatus will need to have the park break engaged.
3. Retrieve hydrant kit from the driver rear compartment of apparatus.
4. Place hydrant kit near the hydrant in a practical location for Big gate.
5. Help Big gate with the supply line and wait for the ready signal.
6. Return to your position in the apparatus and relay the ready signal to the driver and officer.
7. At the scene. Safely dismount the unit and un-couple the supply line at the nearest joint.
8. Attach the supply line to the appropriate apparatus at the scene. *Utilize the pony length when it is advantageous to do so
9. If located at the intake connection, open intake drain valve.
10. Communicate to the driver of the apparatus that the line is ready
11. Report to your officer for reassignment.
Components of a water shuttling proram including distance threshold?
- Fill site
- Dumb site
- Water shuttle
Use water shuttling when the distance to the water source exceeds 0.8km (reach of supply lines)
Which Fire Extinguishers are carried on the different apparatus?
Pump,Tanker,ATP
Back-pack pump (20L H2O)/A/4A/60-180 sec/3-9 m
Dry Chemical, ABC/20A60BC/10-25 sec/2-4.5m
CO2, BC/10BC/10-30 sec/1-2.5m
Rescue
Dry Chemical, ABC/20A60BC/10-25 sec/.2-4.5m
CO2,BC/10BC/10-30 sec/1-2.5m
Metal X, D/**/10-25 sec/2-4.5m
Ladder
Dry Chemical, ABC/20A60BC/10-25 sec/2-4.5m
CO2, BC/10BC/10-30 sec/1-2.5m
Metal X (Quints), D/**/10-25 sec./2-4.5m
EFRS Mission statement?
We are committed to protecting life, property, and the environment.
EFRS Vision?
To make Edmonton a safer, more livable city by providing the best fire rescue services in North America
Cornerstones of EFRS?
- Service
- Safety
- Relationships
- Teamwork
3 Components of Environmental CPR?
- Continuing environmental improvement
- Pollution prevention
- Regulatory compliance
Core Fuctions of EFRS?
Fire suppression.
First response to emergency medical events.
Motor vehicle collision responses.
Specialized rescue responses.
Hazardous materials responses.
Fire investigations.
Fire prevention programs (education & inspections).
Name the city manager and citizen services manager?
Linda Cochrane/ Rob Smyth
Elaborate on SOP’s important wording and 5 things it covers?
Standard operating Procedures (SOP’s) are the laws of the Department and these directives must be adhered to:
They use words like ‘must’ and ‘will’
They may, if not followed, result in possible legal implications for a member
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are written policies for Fire/Rescue Department operations that include the following and NOT limited to
Dress
Conduct
Station Duties
Training Procedures
Fire Response
Disciplinary Action that can be taken from Capt. to Fire Chief?
Captain:
Counseling.
Extra station duties.
Suspension of privileges.
Verbal Reprimand.
Written Reprimand.
District Chief:
Counseling.
Extra station duties.
Suspension of privileges.
Verbal Reprimand.
Written Reprimand.
Suspension with pay.
Platoon Chief:
Suspension of privileges.
Verbal Reprimand.
Written Reprimand.
Suspension with pay.
Deputy Chief:
Verbal Reprimand.
Written Reprimand.
Suspension with pay.
Suspension with out pay.
Demotion.
Dismissal.
Chief:
Written Reprimand.
Suspension with pay.
Suspension with out pay.
Demotion.
Dismissal.
Items to be included in commands initial report to dispatch?
Unit Identification
Size Up - including a description of the building, occupancy and emergency scene
Summary of fire/emergency conditions
Initial Plan of action
Identify who is assuming Fire Command, and where fire command is located (A,B,C,D)
5 types of low pressure facility tanks?
Low Pressure Facility Tanks
Cone Roof Tank
Floating Roof Tank
Internal Floating Roof Tank
Lifter-Roof Tank
Horizontal or Low Pressure storage tank
Methods of size up?
Command uses three methods to gain information on the fire ground.
1. Visual Factors: Information Fire Command can see from the command post
• Type of building – construction, occupancy, obvious outside hazards.
• Location, volume, velocity, density, and color of the smoke coming from the structure
• Weather
- Reconnaissance Factors: Information received from other officers on the scene, or others assigned specifically to get information requested by command
• Crews inside the structure will relay fire, smoke, & heat conditions to
Command
• Information that is gathered by crews from occupants exiting the structure, bystanders, and other non-departmental services involved in the event. - Pre-Fire Assessment Factors: Pre-fire planning information that is determined in advance of the incident.
• Pre-fire planning information gathered from pre-fire inspections will afford information such as life hazards, numbers and locations of occupants, access to the structure, floor plans, and the nature of interior and exterior exposures.
Information that must be given in a transfer of command?
CEND
This information includes:
- Current attack plan.
- Deployment of crews.
- Effectiveness of attack.
- Need for additional apparatus.
2 radio codes to use for immediate EFRS and EPS assistance?
3x Mayday
Code 100
Radio Signal readability scale?
One - Bad (or unreadable)
Two - Poor (or readable now and then)
Three - Fair (or readable but with difficulty)
Four - Good (or readable)
Five - Excellent (or perfectly readable)
How is the PASS battery level checked, who can repalce it?
To check battery life - push and hold the yellow reset button:
If green light flashes then the batteries are in good condition.
If red light flashes then tag the harness and send it to the Air room technician for repair. (Do not attempt to change batteries).** Note that the batteries are only to be changed by an SCBA technician.
Define REACT and PASS in reference to fire extinguishers?
REACT
Rescue – initial evacuation of people in the room containing the fire
Ensure door is closed - after evacuation close the doors to the room to reduce the risk for fire spread and to extend a tenable atmosphere in other rooms for evacuation.
Activate alarm – activate the fire alarm system in the building. If there is no system have a designate notify others in the building.
Call 911 – activate other Emergency resources in the event the fire extinguisher cannot contain the fire, to insure that professional resources are on their way.
Try to Extinguish – return to the fire room and attempt to use the appropriate (class & rating) extinguisher to control the fire.
PASS
• Pull Pin – break the witness wire and pull the safety pin.
• Aim – aim the nozzle of the extinguisher towards the
base of the fire.
• Squeeze – squeeze the trigger of the extinguisher.
• Sweep – direct the extinguisher stream at the base of the
fire and sweep the stream back and forth to cover the
width of the fire base and into the burning material.
Apply the extinguishing agent until the fire is out or the extinguisher is exhausted.
Back away from the extinguished or suppressed fire.
Pump–
What Ladders are carried on the different EFRS apparatus?
Pump
3 meter-Attic ladder
4.3 meter- Roof ladder
7.3 meter- Extension ladders
Tanker
3 meter-Attic ladder
4.3 meter- Roof ladder
7.3 meter- Extension ladder
Ladder
3 meter – Attic ladder
4.3 meter- Fresno Extension ladder
5 meter- Roof ladder
7.3 meter- Extension ladders
10.6 meter- Extension ladder
Rescue
Combination folding ladder
Types of rope costruction?
Laid Rope
Laid rope is also called “twisted rope”. Generally laid rope is a 3 strand twisted method of construction. Rope will rotate under load.
Braid Rope
Strands are braided in a flat pattern i.e. 3 braid, 5-braid, etc. Rope does not rotate under load
Double Braid
Also called braid on braid, consists of an inner braid filling the central void in an outer braid.
Plaited Rope
Is made by braiding twisted strands, and is also called a square braid. This rope type is mostly used in the shipping industry.
Kernmantle Rope
Expand LUNAR?
- Location
- Unit #
- Name
- Assignment
- Resources needed
Fire Hydrant service rings and meaning?
- Orange - Out of Service (non-operational)
- Blue - Hydrant in Use (with permission)
- White - Fire department Use Only
- Green - Under Construction (do not use – no water)
Water Capacities of EFRS Units?
Pump 1890 l
Ladder 1134 l
Tanker 4500 l
Supertanker 13500 l
ATP 1442 l
Mule 250 l
Ammount of High Vol carried on EFRS units?
Pump (20 lengths),
Tanker (15 lengths),
Ladder (9 lengths),
Quint (4 lengths)
Categories of hose damage?
There are four categories of hazards to fire hose:
Mechanical
Thermal
Organic
Chemical.
Inventory of the hydrant bag?
The contents of a complete hydrant kit found in blue bag
1. Two Storz wrenches
- One combination wrench
- One butterfly key One Rubber mallet
- Used with older hydrants equipped with butterfly valve
- One Adjustable Hydrant Wrench
- And one role of banner guard
Inventory of both High rise bags? (According to the inventory)
Red Bag - STOP
Includes 1 pre-connected 3M length of 65 mm hose and gated wye, 1 length 44 mm Hose, rope drop bag, 2 sprinkler wedges, 2 sprinkler dowels, 3 door wedges, Tools – pipe wrench, hose key, Uni-driver, 10 rubber door stops, recessed sprinkler wedge
Weight approx – 22 KGs
Green Bag - GO
Includes 2 lengths of 44 mm hose with attached Akron nozzle, Weight approx. 21 KGs
4 indicators of a properly applied fire stream?
- Darkening down
- White Smke/White steam
- Decreased visibility
- Temperature fluctuation
Stages of Fire and which two(?) does the fire triangle describe?
- Incipent (Fire triangle)
- Growth
- Fully developed
- Decay (Fire triangle)
Factors affecting fire spread? AFFACTV
- Fuel type
- Availability and location of additional fuels
- Compartment volume and ceiling height
- Ventilation / Oxygen Supply
- Thermal properties of the compartment
- Ambient conditions
- Fuel load
AFFACTV
Precursors of flashover?
- Free burning
- Heavy dark smoke
- Rollover
- High Temperatures
Ventilation definition?
Definition of Ventilation
Ventilation, as applied to firefighting, is the planned and systematic, release and removal of heated air, smoke, and toxic gases from a confined area and the controlled replacement of these products of combustion with a supply of cooler, fresh air.
Different types of shock?
RN CHAMPS
- Respiratory Shock
- Neurogenic Shock
- Cardiogenic Shock
- Hemorrhagic Shock
- Anaphylactic Shock
- Metabolic Shock
- Psychogenic Shock
- Septic Shock
3 methods hazardous material transfer through a protective suit?
- Permeation
- Degredation
- Penetration
Factors pertaining to reading smoke including most importatnt and least reliable?
- Volume
- Velocity
- Density (Most important)
- Color (VVDC)
4 types of ventilation?
1. Vertical
2. Horizontal Ventilation
Sequence of openings
Creating an opening
3. Forced ventilation
Hydraulic ventilation
Negative Pressure ventilation (NPV
Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV)
4. Built-in ventilation systems.
4 types of locks?
- Mortise Lock
- Bored (Cylindrical) Lock
- Rim Lock
- Padlock
Salvage definition?
Salvage in the fire service consists of those methods and operating procedures allied to firefighting which aid in reducing forcible entry, fire, water, and smoke damage during and after fires.
4 areas included in a pimary search?
Closets
Perimeters of each room
Under beds
Middle of each room.
6 areas included in a secondary search?
Closets
Perimeters of each room
Under beds
Middle of each room.
Bathtubs and shower stalls
Behind furniture
Advantages of solid stream?
Greater visibility
Better reach and better penetration than other types of streams
Reduced nozzle pressures per litre make for easier handling.
Normal thermal layering is less likely to be disturbed during an interior structural attack, thus increasing your personal safety level.
Staging distances from downed electrical lines for rigs and personnel?
10m for people
15m for rigs
5 causes of defective hosestreams?
Insufficient pressure
Too much pressure
Defective tip (nozzle)
Air in the line
Twist/kinks in hose near pipe
3 possible negative effects of direct attack that’s not ventilated?
- Steamburns (Thermal layering)
- Backdraft
- Flashover
3 categories of infrared emitters?
- Passive: Primarily absorb and dissipate IR energy from active or direct emitters (inanimate objects)
• A passive object may be a chair as an example - Active: Emit IR energy in low to medium strength and varying intervals (living organisms)
• Yourself as an example - Direct: Constant high strength IR energy emitters
• A hot water tank as an example
Overhaul definition?
Overhaul consists of the search for and extinguishment of hidden or remaining fires; placing the building, its contents and the fire area in a safe condition; possibly determining the origin/cause of the fire and recognizing and preserving any evidence of arson.
8 specific purposes of overhaul? PPPPPLHM
- Locate and extinguish Hidden Fires
- Prevent Rekindle.
- Prevent Unnecessary Damage
- Help To Find the Cause of the Fire.
- Preserve Evidence.
- Prevent Recurrence.
- Make the Structure Safe.
- Provide for Good Public Relations.
4 methods to detect hidden fires?
- sight
- touch
- sound
- electronic sensors
4 fire causes?
- Natural
- Accidental
- Arson
- Unknown
3 tests for a safe rope rescue system?
Three Tests of a Safe Rescue System
1. White Board Analysis.
Does the system function the way you intend?
How do you know for sure?
2. Critical Points Examination.
Are all points backed up by another system?
Could one point fail and cause a serious accident?
3. Whistle Test.
If every rescuer let go of the system, would the system still protect the rescuer and the patient?
9 sections of the MSDS?
- Product Identification & Use
- Hazardous Ingredients
- Physical Data (state, boiling point, specific gravity, etc.)
- Fire and Explosion Data
- Reactivity Data (stability of the material)
- Toxicological Properties
- Preventive Measures
- First Aid Measures
- Preparation Information (source of information, phone number, date)
6 sections of the supplier label? WHMIS 2015
PPPSSH
Product Identifier (name of material)
Suppliers Identification
Pictogram
Hazard Statement
Precautionary statement
Signal word
What are some sings of imminent building collapse?
Cracks in exterior walls
Bulges in exterior walls.
Sounds of structural movement – creaking, groaning, snapping, etc.
Smoke or water leaking through the walls of any floor or where fire fighters walk.
Interior or exterior bearing walls or columns leaning, twisting or flexing.
How much of an opening should a hose stream cover for hydraulic ventilation, how far back should the nozzle be?
The Fog stream should cover 85-90% of the opening and should be at least 2 feet away. (0.6m)
3 conditions required for PAR?
either
- see
- touch
- or talk
Number of elements in our OHS program?
8 (?)
How much weight will a wood cribbing crosspoint support?
6000lbs
What does RDC stand for and how is it filled?
Rapid deployment craft
Valve closed/ counter-clockwise
2 different water entry suits used and PFD with which one?
Mustang Ice commander
Kokatat GFER (PFD)
(Mustang Sentinel ,PFD)
2 psychological effects that can lead to panic?
Claustrophobia
Disorientation
Foam percentages for class A and B fires?
0.1%: Deep-seated fires in furniture, smouldering ground fires, or heavy duff layers where penetration is required (if foam is too concentrated it will not penetrate)
0.1 – 0.5%: Wildland/grass fires
0.5%: Structural firefighting with attached fog nozzles, wildland surface fires using foam nozzles
1.0%: Protecting structural exposures (walls, and roofs), forming barriers during wildland firefighting operations
10 Events in proper order, that occur in the golden hour?
- Notification
- Dispatch
- Response
- Scene Stabilization
- Vehicle Stabilization
- Patient Extrication
- Patient Packaging
- Patient Transport
- Stabilization in the emergency room
- Surgical intervention
Safety priority for motor vehicle collision response?
- Rescuer safety
- Scene safety
- Patient safety
N95 and P95?
N95 = 95% particulate filter non oil resistant
P95 = 95% particulate filter Oil resistant
13 Gases are lighter than air: Acronym – “4H MEDIC ANNA”
Hydrogen
Helium
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrogen Fluoride
Methane
Ethylene
Diborane
Illuminating gas
Carbon monoxide
Acetylene
Neon
Nitrogen
Anhydrous ammonia
T codes and their meaning?
TO1 – Training, available to respond
TO2 – Training, not available to respond
TO3 – Equipment maintenance and testing
TO4 – Fire inspections
TO5 – Community event, available to respond
TO6 – Community event, not available to respond
2 types of glass used in motor vehicles?
- Tempered glass
- Safety glass
3 types of vehicle frame construction?
- UNI-BODY
No frame underneath.
Car is a rolling truss.
Top and bottom under compression of tension,
depending on the situation.
Cutting the posts can make the car more flexible and
could settle (crib car first). - Full Frame
Found mostly on station wagons and older full size cars and trucks.
Steel rails support the body, drive line and floor. - Space Frame
new style
resembles a bird cage with body panels attached
body panels are often plastic
remove or cut away the body panels to reveal the metal frame underneath for extrication
Rope strength losses from ties and when wet?
30% and 10 - 15% comulative
Types of vehicle collisions?
Head-on collision (substantial frontal impact)
T-bone collision (broadside impact)
Rear-end collision
Roll over
Rotational
Items included in wildland PPE?
Wild land personal protective clothing consists of structural fire fighting boots, light weight leather gloves, Nomex flash hood, Nomex coveralls, safety glasses or goggles, and a light weight helmet.
reasons to call a MAYDAY?
If you feel you’re in a compromised position
If you find a downed firefighter or a member of your crew goes down.
If you or your crew are caught in flashover, backdraft, or explosion
You become tangled or pinned and self rescue has not worked in 60 seconds.
If you or a member of your crew has fallen through a floor or roof.
Your primary exit is blocked and you are unable to reach secondary exit in 60 seconds.
Your or a member of your crews, low air alarm activation and you are unable to reach an exit or window in 30 seconds.
You have become lost or separated from your crew and you are unable to find exit.
Disoriented and unable to find exit in 60 seconds
Entrapment with low air alarm activating
Basic componenents of a dry chemical extinguisher?
- A Pressure vessel
- A Valve
- A Pressurizing gas
- An Extinguishing agent
Fire commands signal to evacuate the building?
blasts on the air horn
1. These will be cycles of solid for 3 seconds-quiet for 3 seconds for five cycles.
Knots allowed and location of tying off a body harness?
- Bowline
- Fool through figure 8
D ring
Types of stair construction?
- Scissor
- Return
- Circular
- Straight
Types of high rise buildings?
- Centre Core (1 S&R, 2 FA)
- Centre Hall (2 S&R, 2 FA)
Number of search and fire attack teams for centre core construction.
1 Search and Rescue
2 Fire Attack
5 required items on a shipping document?
- Emergency Contact Number
- Number of Pkgs. Shipped
- Shipping name
- Hazard or class #
- 4 digit U.N. #
Rope diameters and breaking strength?
Rope Size Minimum Breaking Strength
• 6 mm 9.7 kN *
• 8 mm 14.0 kN *
• 9 mm 16.0 kN *
• 11.1 mm 27.0 kN *
• 13 mm 46.0 kN *
3 parts of rope?
- The Working end: The end used to form a tie.
- The Standing part: The part of the rope used for the descent or ascent
- the Running End: The unused rope left in the bag
Fuel to oil ratio?
50/1
Items required for elevator sector?
Keys, irons and fire extinguisher in elevator car with operator
2 types of chainsaw starts?
- even ground start
- uneven ground start
4 steps an activated sprinkler should follow?
4 Step Function
detect a fires presence
alarm or transmit a signal to agencies indicating alarm is activated
control growth of the fire
extinguish the fire completely
Methods of fire alarm activation?
- Hydraulic Alarm
Local alarm is used to alert personnel in a
sprinklered building or passerby that water
is flowing in the system.
Some water in the system branches off to
a water motor that drives a local alarm
gong. - Electric Alarm
Alarm is used to alert building occupants and the fire department that water is flowing in the system.
Water movement presses against a diaphragm that causes a switch to operate the alarm.
Types of sprinkler mechanisms?
Types of Sprinkler Systems
Wet Systems
Dry-Pipe Systems
Pre-Action
Deluge System
Residential System
Halogenated, Dry Chemical, CO2 Systems
Characteristics of polyolefin rope?
Polyolefin
Advantages
• Positive floatation properties
• Excellent acid resistance
• Constructed of continuous strands
Disadvantages
• Low abrasion resistance
• Low melting point 60% the strength of nylon
• Low resistance to ultra violet light, increases degradation
• Poor shock loading capabilities
Different coloured bags for gear contamination?
- Red Bag - Biological contamination (Body Fluids)
- Yellow Bag – Hazardous Materials (Acids, Hydrocarbons)
- Green Bag – General Soiling
Oxygen flow rates for different interventions?
2-6l Nasal Canula
8-10l NRB
15l BVM
MX4 low and high alarm ranges?
With respect to the O2 sensor:
• Low Alarm @ 19.5% : High Alarm @ 23.0% : Sensor range 0 – 30 %
With respect to the CO sensor
• Low Alarm @ 25 PPM : High Alarm @ 50 PPM : Sensor range 0 – 500 PPM
With respect to the H2S sensor:
• Low Alarm @ 10 PPM : High Alarm @ 15 PPM : Sensor range 0 - 500 PPM
With respect to the LEL sensor:
• Low Alarm @ 10% LEL : High Alarm @ 20% LEL: Sensor range 0 – 100 %
Or 0 – 9999 PPM
Anchorpoints wildland fire?
Anchor points must be clearly identified either:
• Geographically
• Street address
• Landmarks
Parts of a wood framed house?
Studs
Truss
Headers
Bottom plate
Joists
Sill
Rafters
.
Supplier, employer and employee responsibilities in WHMIS?
- Supplier Responsibilities
Provide Supplier Labels
Apply labels to the containers of controlled products.
Revise the labels as new information becomes available.
Develop and provide MSDS for each controlled product produced
Ensure MSDS data is current (must be updated every 3 years) - Employer Responsibilities
Ensure all containers of controlled products are labeled.
Ensures no person removes, alters or defaces a required label.
Replace damaged labels
Develop and supply workplace labels
Develop safe storage & handling procedures for employees.
Ensure MSDS are updated and available to all employees on-site
Provide WHMIS training to all employees - Employee Responsibilities
Must follow safe storage & handling procedures for hazardous products.
Inform employer of workplace hazards.
Inform employer of removed, altered or defaced labels.
Understand the information on a supplier and a workplace label.
Be familiar with the location and use of MSDS
Learn to use WHMIS.
Definition Specific gravity and vapour density?
Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of a liquid compared with the mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature.
Vapor density describes the density of gases in relation to air
Vapor density dictates whether a gas or vapor will sink, float, or rise in air. It represents the relative weight of a gas or vapor compared to an equal volume of dry air; dry air has a vapor density of 1.
Incident command worksheet definition?
The Incident Command Accountability Worksheet (ICAW) is a working document which serves to identify and catalog the actions and resources used at an emergency event. Proper use allows one to maintain a structured, organized flow chart depicting the sequence of events of involved resources from the onset of the emergency until the event is terminated.
Primary survey?
ITLS sheet
Reasons to interupt a primary survey?
- Deadly bleed
- Respiratory arrest
- Cardiac arrest
- unsafe conditions
7 ways a hazardous material can act on the human body?TRAPEMC
- Thermal/Temperature extremes/Burn, frostbite
- Mechanical/Direct contract/fragments/Blisters, bruises, lacerations
- Poisonous/Poisons or toxins/Damage to internal organs or body systems
- Corrosive/Chemical/Burns or tissue damage
- Asphyxiation/Oxygen deficiency/Affect the respiratory system
- Radiation/Radiation/Injury to individual or future generations
- Etiological/Living micro-organism/Diseases (e.g. hepatitis, tuberculosis)
Ladder heat sensors activated at what temperature and located where?
Labels that are that are attached to the inside of each beam of each ladder section. One label is affixed below the second rung from the tip of each section and another immediately below the centre rung of that section. The sensor should turn a darker color at 149° Celsius, plus or minus 5 degrees.
Units send to a swift water rescue?
2 Pumps
1 Rescue
1 Ladder
Requirements of booking on and off?
2hrs. before shift
call duty office, talk to platoon chief
780 4963790
9 hazmat classes which have subclasses and how many?
EGFFOTRCM
Class 1 Explosives (6)
Class 2 Gases (3)
Class 3 Flammable liquids (1)
Class 4 Flammable solids (3)
Class 5 Oxidizers & organic peroxides (2)
Class 6 Toxic & infectious substances (2)
Class 7 Radioactive material (1)
Class 8 Corrosive (1)
Class 9 Miscellaneous hazardous material (1)
Type of road transport trailers?
- Atmospheric Pressure Cargo Tank Truck (MC-306/DOT-406)
- Low Pressure Cargo Tank Truck (MC-307)
- High Pressure Gas Cargo Tank Truck (MC-330/331)
- Corrosive Tank Truck (MC-312/ Dot 412)
- Cryogenic Liquid Tank Truck ( MC-338 )
- Cryogenic Gas/Tube Road Trailer
- Bulk Container
- Mixed cargo
- Vacuum loaded truck (DOT 407, TC 407, 412)
Components of different protective suit ensembles?
Personal Protective Clothing Levels:
Level A
Highest available degree of respiratory/ skin / eye protection
Fully Encapsulated vapor proof suit
Gloves and boots attached
Outer gloves and boots
SCBA
Level B
Highest level of respiratory protection with a lesser degree of skin protection
Splash suit
Boots
Inner/outer gloves
SCBA
Mask, gloves, boots and zippers taped
Level C
Same skin protection as B lesser degree of respiratory protection
Splash suit
Boots
Inner/outer gloves
Air-purifying respirators (APR)
Gloves, boots and zippers taped up
Level D
PPE in the form of hard hats/ steel toed safety boots/ safety glasses, Firefighter Turnout Gear
Splash suit
Safety boots
Gloves
Eye protection
4 areas of salvage?
The goal of salvage operations is to reduce property loss or damage from the following:
Forcible entry
Water
Fire
Smoke
RIC composition?
1 Officer, 2 FF
Compartments and sides of a vehicle?
Vehicles have three Compartments.
Passenger Compartment
Cargo / Storage Compartment
Engine Compartment
Sides of a vehicle
Driver’s Side
Passenger’s Side
Front
Rear
Roof
Under Carriage
Inside
Outside
Name 10 different sectors?
- Lobby Control
- Recon Sector
- Fire Attack
- Search and Rescue Sector
- Ventilation Sector
- RIC – Rapid Intervention Cre
- Evacuation Sector
- Interior Staging Sector
- REHAB Sector
- Salvage & Overhaul Sectors
High rise attack methods?
Fire Commands strategy is based on the building design and information provided – OFFENSIVE or DEFENSIVE and Fire Attacks strategy is also based on the building design and conditions – DIRECT or INDIRECT attack.
Normal set of vitals infant?
HR 100-160 BPM
Resp. 30-60 BPM
BP 65-90 mmHg
Counter indications for ASA?
3rd trimester pregnancy
Hemophealia
Allergic
Bleeding Ulcers
Operating pressure for halmatro lifting bags, how many can be stacked?
116psi
2
NFPA 704 site signs?
NFPA 704 Site Identification
The diamond is divided into four sections or quadrants:
Health / Left / Blue
Flammability / Top / Red
Reactivity / Right / Yellow
Special Info / Bottom / White
Labels ,placards, including quantity thresholds for danger markings?
Placards
Placards are larger labels, used for containers over 450 liters. Often placards are displayed the same way as labels are. But when shipments are very large, concentrated, or dangerous, the rules change.
Signs -Found at fixed sites - NFPA 704 in 4 colors
Labels -10 X 10 cm & are required on containers up to 450 L
Placards -Diamond shaped 25 X 25 cm used in transportation of more than 450L
A container must display placards on every side and end:
For shipments of more than 500 kg
For quantity or concentration of hazardous materials requiring an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) to be filed with Transport Canada
For liquids or gases in direct contact with the container
For shipments of more the 4000 kg, the UN number must be shown with the placard on all sides and each end of the containers. It may appear on the placard, or on a rectangular orange panel next to, or below, the placard.
Hazmat class colours?
Red = Flammable Orange = Explosive White = Toxic or infectious Green = Compressed, but non-flammable, non-toxic Blue = Reactive Black = Corrosive Yellow = Oxidizer
Characteristics of pressurized flammable gases?
Pressurized flammable gases have the following characteristics:
Pressure
Diffusivity (tendency to spread freely)
Low boiling points
Colorless and/or odorless
Creates static electricity when flowing
Factors affecting electrical injuries?
Factors that Influence the severity of Injury or Death
Strength of the Current
Amount of time exposed to the shock
Path the current takes to the ground
Dosage formula?
CHEMICAL + CONCENTRATION + TIME = DOSE
Information required for pipeline sign?
Signal word ‘Warning, Caution, or Danger’
Hazardous contents of the pipeline
Owners name
An Emergency phone number
Information required for a pesticide label?
Pesticide Warning Labels
Every pesticide must display six pieces of information on its label, they include:
1. Pesticide Name
2. Signal Word - (Danger –indicate highly toxic, Warning)
3. Pesticide Control Product (PCP) Number
4. Precautionary statement - phrases that cover prevention, response, storage, and disposal of products
5. Active ingredients
6. Hazard statement – keep away from children, harmful if swallowed, etc.
3 conditions that can occur in open topped containers?
Three specific conditions;
boilover, slopover, and frothing deserve special mention in regard to fires in open-topped oil tanks.
4 foam mixing methods?
4 Methods FOAM is Proportioned
- Induction = In-Line Eductor (Old Pumps)
- Injection = External Pump to force Foam into the fire stream.( New Salisbury Pumps)
- Batch-Mixing = Pour the Foam directly into the Pump’s Tank
- Premixing = Used in Fire Extinguishers
3 steps of foam generation?
- Proportioning
- Foam generation
- Distribution.
Ways a hazardous material can enter the body?
Inhalation – material is inhaled through
your nose or mouth.
Ingestion – material enters through your
mouth by a method other than breathing.
Injection – material enters through a
puncture.
Absorption – material enters through
the pores of your skin or eyes.
3 common dry chemical extinguisher agents?
Common dry chemical extinguishing agents:
Multipurpose triplex chemical mono-ammonium phosphate (ABC).
sodium bicarbonate
potassium bicarbonate
Potassium chloride.
Loads and forces associated with buildings?
- Fuel load
- Structural load
- Dead load
- Live load
Impact, Static, and Repeated Loads
- Impact loads are sudden, one-time, short-term bursts of pressure that can produce very high stresses, especially when applied laterally.
- Static loads are gradual or constant pressures applied over the long term.
- Repeated loads are pressures applied intermittently over a period of time.
- Compression loads squeeze and shorten a member.
- Tensile loads pull apart or lengthen a member.
- Shear loads cause the planes of the member to slide past one another.
- Concentrated loads are focused in one small area, rather than spread across the length of the structural member.
- Axial load is a direct, even pressure applied to the center of the structural member’s cross section at a right angle to that center of the plane. It can be either tensile or compressive.
- Eccentric load tends to bend the structural member. It is a direct, even pressure applied to one side of the member, at a right angle to the cross section but not centered on it.
- Torsional load is a twisting pressure applied, at an angle, to any place other than the center of the structural member. The twisting action creates a shear load in the member. Torsion often causes extensive collapse.
- Suspended loads use rods and or cables to connect the suspended load to a main beam. The connectors can carry heat into the wood beam and ultimately cause a heavy suspended load to fall. Loads may also be suspended from bar joist trusses that can be greatly weakened by heat and flames.
Types of walls and related terms a typical sizing?
Wall Materials
- Concrete walls may require a pneumatic (jack) hammer; where as a metal wall may require only a reciprocating saw. In some cases, a masonry wall can be breached with a battering ram.
- Brick and stone walls are, for the most part, veneer walls and are easily breached with properly selected tools. Most entries can be accomplished with normal firefighting tools and/or power saws.
- Interior walls are usually made of a wood frame with a gypsum board (drywall) cladding. Standard fire fighting tools such as an axe will accomplish the breaching.
- Walls made of fire-resistive materials are used to divide structures into compartments. They may therefore block or retard the spread of fire with in the structure. Breaching this type of wall may promote the spread of the fire with in the structure.
Number of times 4 consecutive shifts can be traded yearly, who must approve?
3 times, District Chief
3 items that can not be hoisted without a cargo net?
- SCBA (pressurized cylinders),
- O2,
- Fire Extinguishers.
- Fuel containers
Rules of rope usage?
- DO NOT STEP ON THE ROPE.
- Protect the rope at abrasion points.
- Do not overload a rope.
- NEVER TOW A VEHICLE with a life safety rope.
- Do not over bend a rope – strive to maintain a bend radius of 4 times the rope diameter.
- Do not leave knots tied in a stored rope.
- Store ropes using appropriate methods.
- Protect a rope from falling objects.
- Protect the rope from sources of high heat
Kinds of harassment?
- Sexual
- Verbal
- physical
- Emotional
- Visual
Orders of dress?
Order of dress #1 :Sation wear
Order of dress #2 : Dress uniform
Order of dress #3 : Walking out uniform
Location of hard copies of SOP’s and SOG’s?
- upper management’s offices,
- Training School,
- Fire Investigations,
- Fire prevention,
- ERCC.
correct postion of a hose clamp?
The clamp must be inserted onto the line not more than one meter from the upstream side on a coupling junction.
Water distribution pipe sizing?
Water distribution system’s pipe sizes –
• >400mm Primary lines
• 300-400mm Feeders
• 200-300mm Distribution
• Can go up to 1500mm
EFRS Hose functions?
The Edmonton Fire/Rescue Service utilizes hoses in the following Diameter:
20 mm –Booster reels (tankers/ATPs)
38 mm – Wildland (Seasonal)
44mm – Hi-Combat Attack hose
65mm – Hi-Combat Attack hose
125mm – HI Vol – supply
150 mm Hard suction – Lightweight – Draft only (Located on all Salisbury and Smeal Pumps and Tankers).
150 mm Hard suction – Heavy Black – Hydrant and Draft (Found on some older reserve E-One pumps)
Types of hydrants, e.g. circulation, dry, compression?
- Dead end Hydrant
- Circulating Hydrant, Loop line
- Dry Barrel Hydrant
- Wet Barrel Hydrant
Compression and AVK hydrant valves need 20+ turns
Gated valve hydrants - about 12 turns
Correct positioning for relay pumping and drafting, consider the stronger pump?
First pump hooks up to hydrant or drafts from water source
Relays water to next pump(s) until water is supplied to the fire attack pump
Hydrant - smallest pump
Drafting - strongest pump
Reasons to not use the closest hydrant to a fire?
- The closer hydrant has significantly lower flow than one more distant.
- The closer hydrant may be damaged or out of service
- The hydrant is too close to the building and exposes fire fighters and equipment to the effects of the fire.
- The hydrant is on the other side of the street.
Ties to hoist different equipment?
- clove hitch
- Half hitch
- Bowline
- Figure 8
Hose testing pressures and time length?
Hose testing standard
Hose Size Service Test Pressure Duration
1. 44 mm 1750 kPa 3 Minutes
2. 65mm 1750 kPa 3 Minutes
3. 125 mm 1400 kPa 3 Minutes
4 products of combustion?
- Thermal Energy
- Irritants
- Smoke
- Carbon Monoxide
- Hydrogen Cyanide
- Flame
Sector declaring Mayday procedure?
3x Mayday
LUNAR
Location
Unit#
Name
Assignment
Resources needed
Hall Location including district Halls?
District 1
1
District 2
9
District 3
24
District 4
4
District 5
25
Signs of imminent BLEVE?
Warning signs of excessive pressure in a closed vessel and a potential BLEVE:
Pressure relief device is working
Pitch or sound gets louder
Pinging, popping, or snapping sounds are heard
Visible steam from tank upon cooling – 100 C
Discoloration of shell at impingement
A buldge or bubble indicates serious localized heating of vapor area
Possible ladder operational hazards?
Operational Hazards
Overhead electrical lines
Uneven surface
Ice
Traffic areas
Structurally unsound walls
Fire
Fire Ground Changes
Recognize limitations of SCBA use?
1. Limitations of Air Supply
Capacity of the air cylinder (i.e. Escape bottle, 45 minute bottle, 60 minute bottle, Supplied air).
Pressure available in cylinder.
2. Limitations of Equipment
Face piece creates some limited visibility for the user.
Face piece does decrease the ability to communicate.
Increased weight and decreased mobility cause an increased work load to the user.
3. Limitations of the Wearer
The wearer must be in sound physical condition (muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory) in order to maximize the operation time of SCBA equipment.
Poor physical conditioning increases air consumption with minimal work load, this limits the fire fighter’s ability to perform and task safely and increases the chance of injury.
Good agility will aid in overcoming obstacles in the environment and the restrictions imposed by the fire fighter’s PPE.
Facial features affect the wearer’s ability to get a good face piece-to-face seal.
Emotional stability, the ability to maintain control in a high stress environment.
Adequate training in equipment use.
Experience of user with the equipment and the type of situation.
With training & experience the fire fighter gains self confidence and improves outcomes in ‘out of the normal’ situations.
Benefits and disadvantages of emergency decontamination?
Limitations of Emergency Decontamination
Quick fix only
May not remove all contaminants
More thorough decontamination will have to follow
Damages the environment
Benefits of Emergency Decontamination
Quick response time
Minimizes injury
Different zones of a Hazmat incident, charateristics of each?
List the three zones at a HAZMAT incident.
- Hot zone
- Warm zone
- Cold zone
Hot Zone
A restricted area that represents danger to life or health. The Hot Zone is the first zone established by the first responder. It is based on the information they receive on route and first on scene. The Hot Zone can be a yard, city block or a whole floor of a building. The Hot Zone can always increase or decrease, but must be clearly established and maintained until 2nd Responders arrive. The Hot Zone is established using the red banner guard located on the pump No one shall enter the Hot Zone until Decon is set up; this includes the public, media and all Fire Personal
Warm Zone
Limited access contamination reduction zone. If decontamination is required after entering the Hot Zone it takes place in the Warm Zone
Cold Zone
Support or green zone. This is the area around the other zones where the work for supporting this incident takes place. The use off the yellow banner guard is recommended for this. The public and media are still kept out of this area.
Types of wildland fires?
- Aerial/ crown fire
- surface fire
- ground fire
Ranking wildfires?
Rank 1 to Rank 6
Identify types of wildfire fuels?
- Ground fuels
- Surface fuels
- Crown fuels
6 types of communication equipment used?
Radios
Pagers
Printers
Fax machines
Voice amplifiers
MPS Computers
Difference between sings and symptoms?
A symptom is any subjective evidence of disease, while a sign is any objective evidence of disease.
Types of consent?
- Implied consent
- Verbal (informed) consent
- Written consent
- Consent of a minor
Types of negligence?
- gross negligence
etc. ?
Special hazard Markings on a 704 sign?
Water Reactive
Oxidizer
Corrosive
Radioactive
Sections of the ERG, and what information will be found there?
The guide is broken down into 5 Sections for ease of use.
White pages (General Information)
Yellow pages ( ID # index )
Blue pages (alphabetical material index )
Orange pages (action guides)
Green pages ((initial isolation and protective action distances)
Hazmat document names related to their method of transport?
Air bill/manifest - HazMat shipments by air and found in the cockpit
- Responsibility for the documents lies with the pilot
Rail Documents - HAZMAT shipments by Rail and found with conductor
Road Document – Bill of Lading with responsibility falling on the driver
Dangerous Cargo Manifest – Used in Marine transportation and found with the captain
Conflagration definition?
Conflagration Hazards
From a fire protection standpoint, the term conflagration applies to sweeping fires that spread beyond control over a large area, crossing natural or prepared barriers and destroying many buildings. A conflagration hazard, therefore, involves a number of buildings located such that a single structure fire could become a conflagration.
Reasons for calling investigations?
Whenever there has been property damage and\or
Injury and\or
Death due to fire. (“fire” being defined as open and sustained flaming combustion)
Attack strategies for wildland firefighting?
DIRECT ATTACK AND ASSOCIATED TACTICS
• FLANK ATTACK
• FRONTAL ATTACK
• MOBILE ATTACK
INDIRECT ATTACK
Temperature and relative humidity crossover?
30/30 crossover
Temperature is equal or higher than the RH
Spacing for TJI and conventional floor joists?
19.2 “
16”
Define Black fire?
“Black Fire”- smoke that is high-volume, turbulent velocity, ultra-dense, and black. Black fire is a sure sign of impending auto ignition and flashover. Temperatures of more than 1,000°F! Treat black fire just as actual flames
5 structural collapse patterns?
- A-Frame
- Vee-shaped
- Lean to
- Cantilever
- Pancake
Calculate the butt placement of ladder given measurements?
Calculate the butt placement as ¼ of the “working” height of
the ladder. I.e. A ladder needs to be deployed to flat roof 16
feet above the ground. The butt of the ladder needs to be ¼ the
working height (16/4) or 4 feet away from the base of the wall
to maintain a 75% climbing angle.
6 pieces of information in a progress report?
- Plan of attack
- Deployment of resources
- Chronology of the incident
- Progress
- Accountability of the personnel on scene.
- Available resources
Different ladders of EFRS?
Currently the EFRS uses 5 types of ladders.
Single / Wall
o Roof
Folding/collapsible/attic
Combination
Extension
o Fresno Extension
Mechanical
Staging distance for a confirmed naturla gas leak?
Stage 100 M from the location of the leak – upwind/uphill if possible
Time limit for automatic shut off of push to talk function?
60 sec.
Primary and secondary eyeprotection?
Primary eye protection - safety glasses, safety goggles, or a SCBA face piece.
Secondary eye protection – helmet face shields provide secondary protection.
2 types of activation for audible indicators of waterflow?
- Hydraulic
- Electric
3 types of ladder carry?
- Shoulder carry
- Hip- or Underarm carry
- Flat shoulder carry
3-R’s of wildland firefighting?
- Retreat
- Regroup
- Re-assess
Collapse zone size?
1.5 times the building height
Wildland terminology?
Head
Rear
Flank
The Black
Island
Spot fire
Medical Director of EFRS?
Dr. Seth Sevcik
Limit for fire extinguishers to still beeing a first aid appliance?
25 kg
Saponification definition?
Saponification is a reaction that emulsifies the oil to form a type of soap that floats on the surface of the oil and prevents re-ignition of the oil vapors.
Point of no return in flashover?
Your escape time from a room involved in a flashover is about 0.5 to 2 seconds. This is equates to about a distance of 1.5 meters (5 feet) as the average firefighter can crawl about 0.75 meters per second (2.5 feet). Beyond this point of “no return” the firefighter cannot escape safely from a flashover and the chances of survival diminish.
Equipment and tool maintenance when?
Periodically and after each use
Chainsaw maintenance items?
Fuels and oils
Chain (Dull)
Chain tension
Benefits an disadvantages of forced ventilation?
Five advantages of forced ventilation are listed below:
a. It is controllable.
b. It can supplement natural ventilation.
c. It is faster than natural ventilation.
d. It reduces smoke damage.
e. It aids in property conservation.
6. Three disadvantages of forced ventilation are listed below:
a. It can “feed” the fire with fresh oxygen.
b. It requires a power source.
c. It requires special equipment.
4 high rise ventilation effects?
Thermal layering
In a high rise heated smoke and gases will rise until their temperature and pressure equal ambient air. When this equalization occurs, the smoke will cease to rise. Smoke and products of combustion if remain cool will bank downwards from the state of equilibrium and contaminate lower levels.
Natural Stack Effect
Cooler outside air Hotter outside air
Reverse Stack Effect
Hotter inside air Cooler inside air
Mushrooming
Mushrooming is similar to stratification but the cause of lateral and downward migration is a physical barrier and not temperature / pressure equalization.
The efficiency of the fire fighters in forcing entrance to a building is dependent upon three major factors:
Choosing the appropriate tool(s)
Applying the proper techniques to structural components.
Safety for all concerned
3 products of combustion respiratory hazards?
4 Respiratory hazards that a firefighter will face are:
- O2 Deficiency
- Smoke
- Toxins
- High temperatures
Rule of thumb for head pressure?
For every meter of elevation above the pumper 10 kPa is added to the pump pressure
For every floor above the pump level 35 kPa is added to the pump pressure
Disentanglement can include one or all of the following options:
1. Displacement:
o Realigning, adjustment, or repositioning of existing major parts
Examples would include the seats, dash, steering wheel, roof, doors, etc.)
2. Distortion
o The bending of the sheet metal or any components of the vehicle
3. Severance
o The physical act of removing parts of the vehicle
Examples would include the cutting and removal of the brake pedal, steering wheel, seats, doors, roof, hood, etc.
Disassembly
o As defined, it is the physical act of taking apart vehicle components.
components of a fire ban?
- FFMC
- DMC
- DC
- Initial spread index
- Build up index
- Fire weather index
Sprinkler orientations, most common?
1. Pendant Orientation
• The pendant sprinkler is the
most common position. The
sprinkler protrudes from
below the piping and sprays
water in a hemispherical
pattern.
2. Upright Sprinkler Orientation
• The upright sprinkler is
located on top of the piping
and sprays water into a
deflector that sends it back
down. Of course, if an
upright sprinkler is located in
any other position, the water spray would not be directed downward to the fire
3. Sidewall Sprinkler Orientation
• The sidewall sprinkler is used in small rooms where a branch line can be run along a wall. Its deflector creates a fan-shaped spray of water.
• Often found in residential installations.
Ladder construction?
- solid beam
- truss beam.
Scene survey Medical?
BSI
Time/Weather
Hazards
Backup
of patients
Mechanism of injury
Bystander information
Coefficients of friction for different hose diameters incl. kpa loss per length?
Coefficient Table for Common Hose Sizes based on 30m of ”
44 mm 7
65 mm 1
125 mm 0.4
FL
44mm 100kpa
65mm 50
6 components integrated into i mobil to increase fuctionality?
- Directions and routing to an event
- General zone mapping of the city and complex card information identifying relevant information on dispatched addresses
• Includes accesses, standpipe/sprinkler connection locations, annunciator and satellite panels, security personnel locations within the building, stairwells and roof access locations, etc. - Update and event information
- Unit status and locations
- Other event information recovery
- Updating his unit’s status through use of the touch screen & functional keys
• Examples include: On route, on scene, clear, on air, moving, in station, etc - Access to the ‘holmatro’ rescuer’s guide for automobile specifics information
• This includes: Air bag location(s), battery locations, VIN decoder, emergency response guides for hybrid vehicles, etc
Direct attack may be performed from interior and/or exterior positions and works most efficiently in the following situations:
- ; When streams can reach the seat of the fire
- When the thermal balance is stable and the products of combustion are at the uppermost levels of the structure
- Where the fire’s fuel is not enclosed
- When most of the fuel is in the smouldering stage
- When you cannot achieve immediate ventilation
HAZMAT expanded?
1…..H Hazard Identification
2…..A Action Plan
3…..Z Zoning
4…..M Manage the Scene
5…..A Assistance
6…..T Termination
Sheltering-in-place is not effective in situations where?
- flammable vapors are present
- the building cannot be closed tightly
- toxic gas will take a long time to clear.
- explosion is imminent
Types of alarm systems?
Types of Fire Alarms
• Conventional Supervised Systems
• Multiplex or Fully Addressable Systems
• Proprietary or Central Station Systems
Overhaul definition?
Overhaul consists of the search for and extinguishment of hidden or remaining fires; placing the building, its contents and the fire area in a safe condition; possibly determining the origin/cause of the fire and recognizing and preserving any evidence of arson.
2 types of diffusion flames?
?
There are two areas of potential danger in breaching a wall
Electrical wiring, plumbing, and gas lines are concealed in walls
Structural integrity – load-bearing walls in a structure already weakened by fire must be approached cautiously
4 damage categories salvage tries to mitigate damage from?
Salvage in the fire service consists of those methods and operating procedures allied to firefighting which aid in reducing forcible entry, fire, water, and smoke damage during and after fires.
What should be done with an overhead door once it is forced?
Secure the door in palce?
6 possible HAZMAT non intervention actions?
When responders operate in the non-intervention mode they must:
- Pull out to a safe distance.
- Inform dispatch of incident conditions.
- Set up and maintain scene control.
- Start the incident management system.
- Evacuate, if necessary.
- Call for additional resources.
3 HAZMAT operational modes?
- *1. Offensive Mode**: Aggressive containment, confinement, fire control, and/or rescue operations. Activities are planned to attack and mitigate the problem.
- *2. Defensive Mode**: Less aggressive techniques of diking, damming, and diverting are used to reduce the impact of the incident. The incident commander gives up ground to the incident for greater safety of responders and the public.
- *3. Non-intervention**: In industry, non-intervention is not usually thought of as an option. However, with hazardous materials response, taking no action other than limiting access may be the appropriate action to take. All incidents will end eventually. The wise commander will try to balance the risk to people and the environment against the effect of doing nothing.
3 HAZMAT response levels and the resources dispatched resources for each?
Level 1 Incident - can be handled by first response personal. This is a single pump. The incident will be a petrochemical or antifreeze spill of not more than 25 liters.
Level 2 Incident - special technical assistance. This is a pump and Hazmat 1. An example would be an incident with a petrochemical or antifreeze spill of 25-75 liters. This could also be a mercury spill
Level 3 Incident – potential for major disasters. This is 2 pumps, a rescue, an aerial and Hazmat 1
(Uncontrollable spills or releases that may require evacuation or special decontamination)
6 pieces of an air strut?
Principle parts of an Air Strut
The piston
The barrel
Collar
Base plate
Tip
Valve
Required paratech air pressure?
30-50psi
Where does contaminated gear get cleaned?
To the magic place:-)
5 components of a face piece regulator?
Black colored Donning Switch.
Face piece / regulator connection lock.
Red purge valve.
At the back of the regulator is a face piece/regulator
seal gasket.
Within the regulator is the Vibralert low air alarm.
4 ways to identify hazardous material and risks?
Location and Occupancy
Container shapes
Placards, Labels, and Markings
Your Senses
3 pieces of information on a label or placard?
- Symbol
- Color
- Class #
4 features of the chest-mounted gauge?
- Chest mount pressure gauge.
- Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) control buttons / light indicator
- The personal Alert system sensor,
- audible alarm, and power pack are housed at
the bottom of the breathing apparatus frame.
Minimum rating required for a class K extinguisher?
minimum of 40-B rating
Minimum water pressure required at the furthest/highest sprinkler?
The minimum water supply has to be able to deliver the required volume of water to the highest sprinkler head in a building at a residual pressure of 100 kPa (15 psi).
Marine pollutant signage?
27/30
Dead fish
3 avenues where MSDS information can be obtained?
On Line, In the City web site on line group
The Department Health Safety consultant
The Department ENVISO Consultant
4 Situation when non intervention is used?
Non-intervention is used when:
- Explosions are about to happen.
- Serious container damage threatens a massive release.
- Responders have neither the training nor resources to deal with the situation.
- The facility asks for it, on the basis of pre-incident assessment of the hazards.
3 situations when sheltering in place is not effective?
Sheltering-in-place is not effective in situations where
flammable vapors are present
the building cannot be closed tightly
toxic gas will take a long time to clear.
Difference between acute and chronic exposure?
Acute: the type of chemical that the body can flush out (does not build up in the body)
Duration of effects
• Seconds to days
Effects
• Immediate
• Mild to intermediate severity
• Recoverable
Example
• Hydrogen chloride gas: burning to eyes and throat may cause vomiting, but if area left in time you will recover.
Chronic: the slow buildup of a toxic substance in the body from repeated exposures.
Duration of effects
• Months to life time
Effects
• Delayed
• Severe
• Permanent
Example
• Not wearing SCBA at a fires and during overhaul
Time frames associated with chemical, biological and radioactive events?
Chemical (min. to hrs)
Biological (hrs. to days)
Radiological (days to weeks)
Model of the TIC used by EFRS?
MSA 5200
Reasons for fire investigations to attend?
Whenever there has been property damage and\or
Injury and\or
Death due to fire. (“fire” being defined as open and sustained flaming combustion)
3 types of rope safeties?
- overhand
- double overhand
- yosemite
Weather Factors that influence wildland fire behaviour, including most changeable?
Wind most (chageable)
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Precipitation
Strategy considerations for wildland fires?
Strategy considerations
Ranking Fires
Size-up
Methods of Attack
Mop-up the Fire
Wildland tools and equipment?
Water bag pack 20l
Pulaski
Fire Rake
ATP
etc.
Hose stream angles giving the furthest reach horizontal and vertical reach?
As the elevation increases, the reach increases until the maximum is reached at 30o to 34o degrees. Beyond 34o, the horizontal effective reach decreases while the length of the curve’s path remains more or less the same.
The maximum useable vertical reach of a fire stream is attained when the nozzle is at a 75° angle.
Flammable Gas used to calibrate gas detectors?
Pentane
LEL 1.5%
UEL 7.8%
Auto Ignition 260 C
Heavier Than Air
Flashpoint -49 C
Examples of combustible metals?
magnesium,
sodium,
lithium,
potassium,
titanium,
zirconium
3 types of safety relief valves?
- Safety- or Pressure-Relief Valvesv are usually a part of the cylinder held closed by a spring.
- Rupture Discs (Bursting Discs)
- Fusible Plugs (Fuse Plugs or Melt Plugs)
The US DOT and TDG define a flammable liquid as one that has a flashpoint below ___ °C whereas NFPA and WHMIS define it as one that has a flashpoint below ___ °C.
___°C is a value that is used globally and recognized by the UN.
- 5
- 8
- 5
There are five common methods for containers to breach and spill their contents
- disintegration,
- runaway cracking,
- attachments open up,
- puncture,
- split.
Container breach usually results in release of the contents. This release may happen slowly or quickly – through?
4 speeds!
- detonation,
- violent rupture,
- rapid relief,
- spill/leak.
7 Container release types?
- Cloud
The material rises above the ground or water in a ball-shaped, round pattern. - Plume
The airborne hazardous materials adopt a haphazard pattern. Wind and topography shape the downrange course from the point of release. - Cone
The hazardous materials take on a triangular shape. The apex starts at the breach with the wide base of the triangle downrange. - Stream
The stream of hazardous materials is a liquid engulfment that follows the surface of the ground or water. Gravity and topographical features direct the stream - Pool
The hazardous materials collect on the surface of the ground or water in a flat, round pattern. - Hemispheric
The material assumes a semicircular shape that remains in contact with the ground or water. - Irregular
The irregular pattern of engulfment has no definite shape or pattern. It basically includes those patterns of dispersal that do not fall into the other categories.
Define shock?
State of iadequate tissue perfusion
Expand OPQRST?
Onset of the event
Provocation or palliation
Quality of the pain
Region and radiation
Severity
Time (history)
2 rythms that an AED will recognize?
- Ventricular Fibrilation
- Ventricular Tachicardic
Size od teh STARS landing zone?
35x35 Feet
Meanings of colours in triage?
Black – deceased
Red – immediate
Yellow – delayed
Green – minor
How far below ground are the supply lines for hydrants?
Water distribution supply lines are 2 -2.5m below ground level
4 steps to establish safe conditions?
Inspect the premises.
Develop of a sound operational plan.
Provide essential equipment.
Eliminate any hazards.
The efficiency of the fire fighters in forcing entrance to a building is dependent upon three major factors?
Choosing the appropriate tool(s)
Applying the proper techniques to structural components.
Safety for all concerned
_______________any substance is the ratio between the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a specified quantity of material and the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of an identical quantity of water by the same number of degrees. The specific heat of water is 1:1.
The specific heat of
Uses and length of utility ropes used by EFRS?
Walk-up apartments drop bag 20 m 10 mm Nylon Double Braided
Guideline (lifeline) coils 30 m 6 mm Nylon/fiberglass Kernmantel
Heavy utility rope 45 m 16mm Nylon Double Braided
Methods of fire detection?
Fixed Temperature Detection
The basic fire detection used in wet or dry systems, and a fusible link is the detection device.
Rate of Rise Detection
Heat actuated devices operating on air pressure increase.
Common for special hazard systems.
It is fast, dependable, and positive in operation.
Smoke Detection
Recommended for some hazards where smoldering fires, which burn with little or no flame and no discernable heat, may cause considerable damage.
Used where fires give off smoke before they burst into flame.
Detection is through use of a photo-electric cell.
Flame or Flash Detection
Utilized in extremely hazardous occupancies where extinguishment must start immediately.
It is commonly used in plants making explosives or munitions
Is currently used for protecting the hazardous rolling operation in the manufacture of jet-propulsion powder.
Flash detectors operate a fire-fog system that extinguishes fire in under a second
Detection is through the use of a photo-electric cell.
Vapor Detection
Indicates the concentration of combustible gases in the air surrounding hazards where highly flammable liquids or gases are stored, handled, or used.
The detection device constantly samples the air in these locations sending a reading to a remotely situated control panel.
When the concentration near 50% of the L.E.L. (Lower Explosive Limit) an alarm sounds warning personnel and allowing a window of opportunity to correct the problem.
When the concentration reaches 75% L.E.L. the fire protection system operates.
Types of Sprinkler Systems?
Wet Systems
Dry-Pipe Systems
Pre-Action
Deluge System
Residential System
Halogenated, Dry Chemical, CO2 Systems
Sprinkler Head Mechanisms?
Fusible Link
Frangible Bulb
Chemical Pellet
Fusible link (Quick Response)
What are the chiefs four pillars?
Public service,
Public trust
Safety
Teamwork
In general the testing of these Class K extinguishers must meet three criteria:
- Completely extinguish the fire in the deep fryer.
- Prevent re-ignition of the vegetable oil for 20 minutes or reduce the oil temperature at least 15.60C below its auto-ignition temperature.
- Cause no splashing of flaming oil outside of the fryer.
The range of vapour mixture that will ignite when subjected to an ignition source is known as the ________ _______or the _________ _________
explosive range
ignitable mixture.
