final study topics Flashcards
three basic ways in which government provides support for business
- through laws, it defines and enforces appropriate business behavior
- it provides both infrastructure as well as services so that business can successfully operate
- it conducts research and creates innovation in areas that are too expensive for private business to do
regulation
the process by which government requires, prohibits, or structures certain actions by private individuals and business
reasons for regulation (6)
- protect competition and prevent monopolies
- supervise permitted monopolies
- protect the consumers (the public)
- prevent significant negative aspects of business
- protect employees
- promote sustained economic growth
two ways regulations are adopted
- laws- when elected officials formally vote on a new regulation
- administrative “rule making”- when administrators create regulations themselves, based on and consistent with laws already approved by elected officials
monopoly
the exclusive control of the supply or trade of a particular commodity or service
rule-making (3)
- mostly occurs at the federal or state level due to the large number and complexity of needed regulations
- it is necessary and beneficial in order to appropriately address all the circumstances and details in business regulation
- however, administrative rule-making can create regulations that are very different than what the elected officials originally intended
implementation
the process of applying public policy to target populations and situations and achieving its objectives
what does successful implementation do?
it proves a policy’s quality and practicality
three levels of implementation
- output- immediate service or product provided by a policy. It is obvious to everyone and there is little disagreement
- outcome- the intermediate range result of the policy. It is not always visible and some may disagree that it has even occurred, even though there is evidence of its success
- impact- the long term results of the policy. It usually requires combining with other successful policies or programs in order to occur and is subject to significant disagreement or opinion as to its success
six requirements for successful implementation
- clear design of policy objectives and tools to fulfill them
- sufficient resources: money, skills, information, time, facilities, and technology
- committed and competent leadership and management
- organization of partners to fulfill shared objectives
- political, economic, social and legal support for the objectives and tools
- evaluation to learn from success and failure- in order to improve
without proper implementation:
a policy or program cannot succeed
federal government performance and results act of 1993 and 2010
a law which requires evaluation and feedback into federal government decision making, based on observed results
four basic areas of accountability for public administrators
- delivery of goods and services efficiently and effectively
- meet citizens needs and demands fairly, promptly and with respect
- be honest, without fraud, conflicts of interest or abuse of power
- use public’s money properly
four means of government accountability
- internal-formal means: organizational supervision, rules, policies and procedures, including discipline
- internal-informal means: officials personal ethics, professional standards, “whistle blowers”
- external-formal means: legislative oversight, outside investigations and judicial review, audits, budget review by outside parties, elections
- external-informal means: monitoring by private interest groups, media, general public
whistle-blowing
providing information in an internal violation of law, fraud, waste, abuse of authority or danger to the public health
