Final Study Guide - Lecture Questions

Question 1

Hybrid

Answer 1

An offspring of two different animal types
Today: anything composed of two or more different sources, materials, etc.

Question 2

Discombobulated

Answer 2

Humorous alteration of ‘discompose’ = to be discomforted, disturbed, or confused

Question 3

Paradigm

Answer 3

‘example, model, and mindset’

Question 4

Scintilla

Answer 4

‘a spark, a tiny bit, a minute amount’

Question 5

Lurid

Answer 5

‘pale yellow, fiery glow, ghastly, shocking, sensational’

Question 6

Biweekly

Answer 6

Every two weeks

Question 7

Semiweekly

Answer 7

Every half week; twice a week

Question 8

Unconscionable

Answer 8

Not guided by one’s conscience

Question 9

Unconscious

Answer 9

Not being conscious, being deprived of one’s senses

Question 10

Tortuous

Answer 10

Twisted, either in a literal or figurative sense

Question 11

Tortured

Answer 11

Severe pain or distorted

Question 12

Primus inter pares

Answer 12

First among equals (designating the most senior or prominent member in a group otherwise of the same rank/position)

Question 13

Ab ovo

Answer 13

From the egg = from the beginning/get-go

Question 14

Carpe diem

Answer 14

Pluck/pick the day = seize the day

Question 15

Caveat emptor

Answer 15

Let the buyer beware

Question 16

Quid pro quo

Answer 16

This for that

Question 17

Did the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) people leave any writing for us to discover their language?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

How did we discover PIE?

Answer 18

It is inferred it exists based on shared similarities between languages

Question 19

How did Latin and the Romance
languages help us in this discovery?

Answer 19

Because it provided a real-life example of how languages can develop from others

Question 20

How are Latin and the Romance languages related?

Answer 20

The Romance languages developed from Latin

Question 21

What was the classical language of India?

Answer 21

Sanskrit

Question 22

How did the European encounter with Sanskrit contribute to the discovery of PIE?

Answer 22

Because it was very similar to both Greek and Latin, suggesting they developed from a common language

Question 23

In which current country do most scholars think the first speakers of PIE originally lived?

Answer 23

Ukraine, 7,000 or more years ago

Question 24

What does cognate literally mean?

Answer 24

‘born together’ = kindred, related, cousins

Question 25

Cognate

Answer 25

Originate from a shared linguistic ‘parent’

Question 26

Borrowings/derivatives

Answer 26

Taken from a different language ## Footnote Fatherly = native English word Paternal = derivative (Fr. paternel < Latin paternalis > pater)

Question 27

When was Anglo-Saxon/Old English spoken?

Answer 27

400-1100 C.E

Question 28

When was Middle English spoken?

Answer 28

1100-1500 C.E

Question 29

When was Modern English spoken?

Answer 29

1500 C.E. to present

Question 30

What precipitated the transition from Old to Middle English?

Answer 30

The 1066 Norman invasion of England

Question 31

What precipitated the transition from Middle to Modern English?

Answer 31

The introduction of the printing press to England by William Caxton in 1476

Question 32

What does chaos mean and what did it mean before?

Answer 32

Today: confusion Before: an opening, a gaping

Question 33

Meaning of titanic

Answer 33

Something awesome and powerful like the Titans

Question 34

What does adamant mean and what did it mean before?

Answer 34

Today: unyielding, inflexible Before: steel

Question 35

Zeus' Roman equivalent

Answer 35

Jupiter

Question 36

Hades' Roman equivalent

Answer 36

Pluto

Question 37

Poseidon's Roman equivalent

Answer 37

Neptune

Question 38

Hera's Roman equivalent

Answer 38

Juno

Question 39

Demeter's Roman equivalent

Answer 39

Ceres

Question 40

Aphrodite's Roman equivalent

Answer 40

Venus

Question 41

Athena's Roman equivalent

Answer 41

Minerva

Question 42

Apollo's Roman equivalent

Answer 42

Apollo

Question 43

Artemis' Roman equivalent

Answer 43

Diana

Question 44

Hermes' Roman equivalent

Answer 44

Mercury

Question 45

Ares' Roman equivalent

Answer 45

Mars

Question 46

Dionysus' Roman equivalent

Answer 46

Bacchus, Liber

Question 47

Hephaestus' Roman equivalent

Answer 47

Vulcan

Question 48

Hestia's Roman equivalent

Answer 48

Vesta

Question 49

Mercurial meaning

Answer 49

Changeable

Question 50

Venereal meaning

Answer 50

Relating to sexual intercourse

Question 51

Martial meaning

Answer 51

Military, war-loving

Question 52

Jovial meaning

Answer 52

Joyous, good-spirited

Question 53

Saturnine meaning

Answer 53

Gloomy

Question 54

Heroes who make journeys to the underworld and the words based on them

Answer 54

Hercules/Heracles --> Herculean/Heraclean task Odysseus --> odyssey

Question 55

Liminal meaning

Answer 55

Threshold

Question 56

Apotropaic

Answer 56

Having the power to avert evil influences or bad luck

Question 57

What is the relationship between Hades and Persephone and who is their Roman equivalent?

Answer 57

They are in a relationship, and the Roman equivalent is Pluto and Proserpina

Question 58

What does Hermes do and who is his Roman equivalent?

Answer 58

He is a psychopomp, which conducts souls to the afterlife. His Roman equivalent is Mercury

Question 59

Styx

Answer 59

The river that separates the realm of the living from the afterworld

Question 60

Elysian fields

Answer 60

A paradise where the souls of the virtuous or heroic go after death

Question 61

ψυχή (psyche) original meaning

Answer 61

breath

Question 62

anima

Answer 62

breath, life-force

Question 63

animus

Answer 63

conscious, emotional mind

Question 64

Difference between id, ego, and superego and etymological meaning in Latin

Answer 64

Id: The source of raw erotic desire. "it" in Latin Ego: A person's sense of self. "I" in Latin Superego: Inhibitions resulting from internalizing the inhibitions represented by the father. "over-I" in Latin

Question 65

Naming a genus after a person

Answer 65

For names that end in consonants or -a, add -ia Walker → Walkeria Garza → Garzaia For names that end in vowels (except -a) add -a Brelinski → Brelinskia

Question 66

The 4 types of specific epithets

Answer 66

An adjective A participle (present or past) A noun in apposition to the genus A noun in the genitive case

Question 67

Genitives

Answer 67

A special Latin form of nouns called genitives, which mean OF or ‘s (possession) ## Footnote For example, taurus means bull, and its genitive is tauri and means “of a bull” or “belonging to a bull”

Question 68

Etymological origin of pole/polar

Answer 68

πολος, meaning axis

Question 69

Etymological origin of Arctic, Antarctic

Answer 69

αρκτος, Greek for bear

Question 70

Equinox meaning

Answer 70

Equal-night

Question 71

Solstice meaning

Answer 71

Sun-stop

Question 72

What word does the 'consider' trace back to?

Answer 72

*considerare*

Question 73

Etymological origin of planets πλάνητες (ἀστέρες)

Answer 73

Wandering (stars)

Question 74

Etymological origin of cosmos κοσμος

Answer 74

Order

Question 75

Etymological origin of sphere σφαιρα

Answer 75

Ball

Question 76

Etymological origin of ether αιθηρ

Answer 76

Bright sky above ordinary air

Question 77

Etymological origin of meteor μετεωρος

Answer 77

In mid-air

Question 78

Etymological origin of comet κομητης (αστηρ)

Answer 78

Long-haired star

Question 79

Etymological origin of nova

Answer 79

Derived from the Latin phrase *nova stella* (new star)