FINAL REVIEW QUESTIONS Flashcards
What color is a sign or jaundice?
Yellow
How many chromosomes does spermatozoid have?
23 Chromosomes
What are the layers of the muscles?
Most inner: Endomysium
Middle: Perimysium
Outer: Epimysium
Who produces amylase?
Pancreas and salivary gland
Pancreas - Endocrine & Exocrine
Pancreas :
-Exocrine: Secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum.
-Endocrine: It functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatonstatin and pancreatic polypeptide
What are immunoglobins?
Antibodies
Functions of immunoglobins?
“Markers of Destruction” Plasmatic cells, B cells
Main function of bile
EMUSIFICATION (digestion of fat with bile acid)
Who produce CCK?
Duodenum to secrete pancreatic juice and bile
What is Arterial Sclerosis?
Hardening of Arteries due to collagen
What is Atheroid Sclerosis?
Hardening of Vessels (aging process)
Is hydrogen Alkaline or Acid?
ACID
Opposite of hydrogen?
Bicarbinate
What is it called when there is bleeding of the upper GI tract?
MELINA
Rapid heart beat medical terminology
Tachycardia
What is palpation?
Feeling/symptom: tachycardia and bradycardia can both cause palpation
What is Bradypnea?
Slow breathing
Calcitonin
Hormone that decreases calcium in blood
Parathyroid
Increases calcium in blood/opposes calcitonin
What are cathecolamines?
Adrenaline/Noradrenaline, Epinephrine/norepinephrine. Secreted from the Adrenal gland (kidney) in the medulla
What is Dysuria?
Hard time urinating. Painful urination
Hemolysis
destruction of red blood cells
What part of the small intestine has the most chemical digestion?
Duodenum
What is the importance of Alpha Cells & Beta Cells in the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhands?
Alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels.
Beta cells produce the hormone insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels.
Human islets are made up of 30% alpha cells & 60% beta cells.
Cell Membrane = Passive, Active, Facilitate Diffusion examples
Passive: Gas Exchange
Active:
Facilitate diffusion: absorption
Target hormones:
GPITAL-F
Megaloblastic
Large cell
Nephrons
Located in the Cortex of the kidney
Kidney functions:
F-filtration
R-reabsorption
E-excretion
S-secretion
H-hormones
R-renin
E-erythropoietin
D-Vitamin D activation
Prolactin
Production of milk
Sclerosis meaning:
harden
Where is sperm produced?
Seminiferous Tubules
What do leydig cells do?
Increase testosterone
Where is Aldosterone released?
Adrenal gland in the Cortex.
Another word for the Pituitary gland
Master Gland, Hypophasis
Where is the aqueous humor located?
Anterior and posterior chamber of the eye
How many cranial bones?
8 - 1 frontal bone, 1 Occipital bone, 2 parietal bones, 1 ethmoid bone, 2 temporal bones, 1 sphenoid bone
Where is the spinal fluid produced?
Choroid plexus
What is the membrane surrounding the brain?
Meningis
What bone is the cheek bone?
Zygomatic
Where is the cornea?
Anterior portion of the eye (sclera continuation)
What does the corpus luteum produce?
Progesterone
Outter portion of the kidney
Cortex
Division of Diencephalon?
The diencephalon is divided into:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
Action of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?
Ovulation
What gland secretes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Anterior Pituitary Gland
What is the name of the end of the long bone?
epiphysis
Eustachian tube connects…
the middle ear to the nasopharynx (the upper throat and the back of the nasal cavity).
Medical terminology for gallbladder inflammation is
Cholecystisis
Largest salivary gland
Parotoid
What structure moves blood from into the left atrium?
Pulmonary Veins
Normal Lab Values:
blood pH: 7.35-7.45
Magnesium (Mg++) : 1.5-2.5
Calcium (Ca++) : 8.5-10.5
Chloride (CI-) : 95-104
Sodium (Na+) : 135-145
Carbon Dioxide (CO2): 35-45
Potassium (K+) : 3.5-5.1
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) : 22-26
White matter
Myelin
Thyroid Gland releases what hormones?
T3, T4, Calcitonin
Parathyroid Gland releases
PTH, opposes calcitonin
Which side of the heart is oxygenated and deoxygenated?
Right side - Deoxygenated blood
Left side - Oxygenated blood
What is the lining of the respiratory tract?
Mucous membranes serves as protection for the respiratory tract trapping bacteria from airwway, mucus helps delay invasion.
Paranasal Sinuses (Sinuses)
Decreases the weight of the cranium
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephrons - Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, Distal,
Collecting ducts- Medulla
Respiratory muscles:
Diaphragm: Inspiration
Intercostal muscles: Expiration
Renal Corpuscle:
blood filtering component of the nephron of the kidney. It consists of a glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries composed of endothelial cells, and a glomerular capsule known as Bowman’s capsule.
GI functions:
- Ingestion
- Digestion
-Absorption
-Excretion
Formula for blood pressure
B/P=Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
Formula for Cardiac Output
C/O=Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Who stores the bile?
Gall Bladder
Can Hemoglobin be used as a buffer?
Yes,, substance prevents variations of pH
Functions of the spinal fluid
Protection for the brain, nourishment and waste removal
Liver function:
A-albumin
B-bile
C-coagulation
D-detoxification
ABG’s ROME
Respiratory Alkalosis means
pH is high
Types of Muscle tissues
Cardiac
Smooth muscle - 1 nucleus
Striated - Multiple nucleus
How many ribs
12 pairs
7 - true
3 - false
2 - floating
What part of the heart has thicker walls?
Ventricles
When is Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) released?
When you are thirsty?
Tidal Volume
Total volume of inhale and exhale
What is the name is the white part of the eye?
Sclera
What is part of the respiratory tract?
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx
What is part of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea, bronchi, lungs
What is part of the upper GI tract?
Oropharynx to the duodenum
Divisions of the nervous system
Central- Brain & spine
Peripheral- Voluntary(ACH)
Involuntary- Sympathetic(fight/flight) & parasympathetic(rest/digest)
Kidneys: Renal pelvis drains into
ureters
Which layer of the uterus is at risk of Fibroids/Leimyoma?
Myometrium
What is the cervix at risk of?
Cervical Cancer, HPV, Human Papilloma Virus
What are gonads?
Testicles , Ovaries
Sex cells are also…
Gametes: Spermatozoid, Ovum
Fertile age
15-44 years old
Monarchy (First menstrual period)
12.7 years old
Menopause
51.2 years old
55 years old (All females menopause)
Last menstrual period
First day of bleeding
Number of menstrual period
525 times
How much blood loss during menstrual period?
50-70 mL
Bleeding lasts
1-7 days
How many ovums are in ovary?
40,000
Proliferative Phase
FSH -> Ovary ->Estrogen ^ # of vessels
what day is ovulation?
Day 14
What day is highest of Estrogens?
Day 12
The more estrogen…
The thicker Endometrium gets
What happens in the first two weeks of ovulation?
First week:
-Proliferation
-Estrogens
-High # of vessles
Second week:
-Secretory
-Progesterone
-High deposit of glycogen
Fertilization happens in the…
Fallopian tube
AMPULLA
What is fertilization?
Fusion of Gametes
Fecundation
Conception
Implantation happens on which day
Day 6
The end of the ovary (finger like ends)
Fimbrae
Sections of the uterus:
3 layers:
-Inner:Endometrium
-Middle:Myometrium
-Outer:Perimetrium
3 regions:
-Fundus (top)
-Body (middle)
-Cervix (neck of uterus)
Adnexa
(Adnexitis)
Fallopian Tubes risk
Salpingitis
Ovaries risk
Oophroritis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease risk
Infertility
Haploid is…
Spermatozoid/Ovum
Diploid
Fertilized egg (Zygote)
Zygote releases what hormone?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone (hCG)
What is semen made up of?
Sperm + Seminal Vesicle Fluid + Prostatic fluid
Where does spermatid mature?
Epididymis
LH what and controls what?
Luteinizing hormone controls the production of testosterone by Leydig cells. Leydig cells are endocrine cells located in the interstitium of the testis
