Final Practical (Lab 7 Portion) Flashcards
Control the chemical environment around neurons; most abundant
Astrocytes
4 types of CNS neuroglia
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal cells
Myelinated cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron to speed up signal conduction
Oligodendrocytes
Phagocytic; destroys pathogens or cellular debris
Microglia
Line CSF-filled cavities to secrete CSF (a clear liquid that bathes the CNS)
Ependymal cells
2 types of PNS neuroglia
- Schwann cells
2. Satellite cells
Myelinated cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron to speed up signal conduction; assist in regeneration of damaged fibers
Schwann cells
Surround the neurosomas in ganglia of the PNS; provide electrical insulation around the soma; regulate the chemical environment of the neurons
Satellite cells
Region of the neuron that houses the nucleus and cytoplasm
Cell body/neurosoma
The cytoplasm is riddled with ____ and ____ ____.
Neurofibrils and Nissil bodies
Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS; neuron fibers running through the CNS form tracts of white matter
Nuclei
Clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS; neuron fibers running from the peripheral nerves
Ganglia
Cytoskeletal elements of the neuron that helps maintain support and intracellular transport functioning
Neurofibrils
A type of rough endoplasmic reticulum that is involved with the metabolic activities of the cell
Nissil bodies
Receptive regions for neurotransmitters released by other neurons; neurons can have many of these
Dendrites
Nerve fibers that generate and conduct nerve impulses; neurons have only one of these
Axon
Where the cell body transitions into the axon
Axon hillock
Also known as synaptic knobs; form synapses or junctions with neurons or effector cells
Axon terminals
Each axon terminal is separated from the cell body or dendrites of the next neuron by a ____ ____.
Synaptic cleft
Gaps or indentations in the myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
A fatty material that covers the nerve fibers
Myelin
The wrapping of Schwann cells around the axon in jelly roll fashion
Myelin sheath
Sheath of Schwann - the peripheral part of the Schwann cell and its exposed plasma membrane
Neurilemma
CNS sheaths do not exhibit the ____ seen in fibers myelinated by Schwann cells
Neurilemma
Neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors in the internal organs, the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, or special sensory organs; receptive endings are often equipped with specialized receptors that are stimulated by specific changes in their immediate environment; cell bodies found in a ganglion outside the CNS; typically unipolar
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or body muscles and glands; often multipolar; cell bodies located in the CNS
Motor (efferent) neurons
Neurons that help connect sensory and motor neurons; cell bodies located within CNS; multipolar structure
Interneurons (association neurons)
Three protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord
Meninges (singular: meninx)
Outermost meninx; double-layered membrane
Dura mater
Layer of the dura mater attached to the inner surface of skull forming the periosteum
Periosteal layer
Division of the dura mater which develops between the periosteal and meningeal layer
Dural sinus
Layer of the dura mater which forms the outermost brain and spinal cord covering
Meningeal layer
Middle meninx; weblike
Arachnoid mater
The arachnoid mater is separated from dura mater by ____ ____.
Subdural space
Threadlike projections bridge the ____ ____ to attach to pia mater
Subarachnoid space
The subarachnoid space is filled with ____ ____.
Cerebrospinal fluid
____ ____ protrude through dura mater to allow the CSF to drain back into venous circulation via the superior sagittal sinus and other dural sinuses.
Arachnoid villi
Innermost meninx; delicate layer; highly vascular and clings to the surface of the brain
Pia mater
An embryonic structure where the CNS is created
Neural tube
By 4th developmental week, the top/front end of the neural tube expands, constricts, and divides itself into the ____, ____, and ____.
Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
The lower segment of the neural tube becomes the ____ ____.
Spinal cord
The central canal of the neural tube enlarges in 4 regions of the brain, making chambers called ____.
Ventricles
4 ventricles of the brain
2 lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, and 4th ventricle
A half of the brain
Hemisphere
Hemisphere responsible for artistic and creative thoughts
Right
Hemisphere responsible for language skills and speech
Left
Located at the junction of the parietal and temporal lobes; an area on which unfamiliar words are sounded out
Wernicke’s Area
Wernicke’s Area is located in the ____ hemisphere only.
Left
Ridges of the brain
Gyri (singular: gyrus)
Shallow grooves of the brain
Sulci (singular: sulcus)
Deep grooves of the brain (aka deep sulcus)
Fissures
Divides the cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
Divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Separates the temporal lobe from parietal lobe
Lateral sulcus
A shallow groove on the sides of each hemisphere that divides the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus
5 lobes of the brain
- Frontal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Insula (hidden)
Functional area of the occipital lobe responsible for vision
Visual area
2 functional areas of temporal lobe
- Olfactory area
2. Auditory association area and primary auditory cortex
Functional area of the temporal lobe dealing with smell
Olfactory area
Functional area of the temporal lobe dealing with sound/hearing analysis
Auditory association area and primary auditory cortex
“Hidden lobe”; the 5th lobe in each hemisphere that is covered by the other lobes
Insula
Outermost gray matter of cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Found deep to the cerebral cortex; composed of fiber tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex
Cerebral white matter
Knotlike collections of capillaries within each ventricle that form cerebrospinal fluid (which forms a watery cushion that protects the delicate brain against blows to the head; similar to plasma).
Choroid plexus
The brainstem contains the ____ and ____ ____.
Midbrain and fourth ventricle
Consists of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting the brain with lower CNS centers; connects to the cerebellum
Pons (means “bridge”)
Lowest brainstem region; composed of fiber tracts; houses many vital autonomic centers involved in the control of heart rate, respiratory rhythm, and blood pressure and involuntary centers involved in vomiting and swallowing.
Medulla oblongata
A slender canal traveling through the midbrain; it connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
