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Biology 225 Lab > Exercise 19: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and the ANS > Flashcards

Exercise 19: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and the ANS Flashcards

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0
Q

The spinal cord is located within the vertebral canal of the spinal column and held in place by ____ ____, which are part of the ____ ____.

A
  1. Denticulate ligaments

2. Pia mater

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1
Q

The cylindrical continuation of the brain stem that provides neural pathways throughout the body

A

Spinal cord

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2
Q

The spinal cord ranges from the ____ ____ to its terminal end, the ____ ____.

A
  1. Foramen magnum

2. Conus medullaris

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3
Q

CSF-filled meninges go beyond the ____ ____, allowing a good placement for a lumbar tap, typically around ____-____.

A
  1. Conus medullaris

2. L3-L5

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4
Q

Anesthesia for childbirth is normally injected between ____ and ____.

A
  1. L3

2. L5

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5
Q

____ ____ of spinal nerves arise from the ____ ____ and pass through ____ ____ to serve the body at different regions.

A
  1. 31 pairs
  2. Spinal cord
  3. Intervertebral foramina
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6
Q

Since the spinal cord doesn’t fully extend through the vertebral column, the spinal nerves emerging from the interior end of the cord (____ ____) must travel through the vertebral canal for some distance before exiting at the appropriate ____.

A
  1. Cauda equina

2. Foramina

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7
Q

Looks like an H or butterfly on spinal cord cross section

A

Gray matter

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8
Q

Two dorsal projections

A

Dorsal (posterior) horns

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9
Q

The dorsal horns contain ____ and ____ ____ that enter the cord from the body via the ____ ____.

A
  1. Interneurons
  2. Sensory fibers
  3. Dorsal root
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10
Q

An enlarged area of the dorsal root that contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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11
Q

Overall, the posterior side of the spinal cord would be considered the ____ side of the spinal cord.

A

Sensory

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12
Q

Two ventral projections

A

Ventral (anterior) horns

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13
Q

The tips of the ventral horns are ____ and ____-____ than the dorsal horns.

A
  1. Broader

2. Less-tapered

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14
Q

The ventral horns contain cell bodies of ____ ____ of the ____ nervous system (voluntary system) which send their axons out via the ____ ____.

A
  1. Motor neurons
  2. Somatic
  3. Ventral root
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15
Q

Overall, the anterior side of the spinal cord would be considered the ____ side of the spinal cord

A

Motor

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16
Q

Formed by the fusion of he dorsal and ventral roots; mixed nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers

A

Spinal nerves

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17
Q

Lateral outpocketings of gray matter

A

Lateral horns

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18
Q

The lateral horns contain nerve cell bodies of ____ ____ of the ____ nervous system (____ division)

A
  1. Motor neurons
  2. Autonomic
  3. Sympathetic
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19
Q

The axons of the lateral horns leave the cord by ____ ____ along with those of the motor neurons of the ____ ____.

A
  1. Ventral roots

2. Ventral horns

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20
Q

Central area of gray matter connecting the two vertical regions

A

Gray commissure

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21
Q

The gray commissure surrounds the ____ ____ of the spinal cord which contains CSF.

A

Central canal

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22
Q

Composed of myelinated fibers

A

White matter

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23
Q

The white matter of the spinal cord is nearly bisected by ____.

A

Fissures

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24
Q

In white matter, the more open ventral fissure

A

Ventral median fissure

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25
Q

In white matter, the dorsal shallow fissure

A

Dorsal median sulcus

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26
Q

3 primary regions (or white columns) of white matter

A
  1. Dorsal (posterior) funiculi
  2. Lateral funiculi
  3. Ventral (anterior) funiculi
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27
Q

Each funiculus contains a number of ____ ____ composed of axons with the same ____, ____, and ____.

A
  1. Fiber tracts
  2. Origin
  3. Terminus
  4. Function
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28
Q

Tracts that conduct sensory impulses to the brain

A

Sensory (ascending) tracts

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29
Q

Tracts that carry impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles

A

Motor (descending) tracts

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30
Q

____ pairs of human spinal nerves arise from fusion of ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord

A

31

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31
Q

There are ____ pairs of cervical nerves (____ to ____)

A

8

C1 to C8

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32
Q

There are ____ pairs of thoracic nerves (____ to ____)

A

12

T1 to T12

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33
Q

There are ____ pairs of lumbar nerves (____ to ____)

A

5

L1 to L5

34
Q

There are ____ pairs of sacral nerves (____ to ____)

A

5

S1 to S5

35
Q

There is ____ pair of coccygeal nerves (____)

A

1

Co1

36
Q

The first pair of spinal nerves leaves the vertebral canal between the base of the ____ and the ____, but all the rest exit by the ____ ____.

A
  1. Occiput
  2. Atlas
  3. Intervertebral foramina
37
Q

The first through seventh pairs of cervical nerves emerge ____ the vertebra for which they are named.

A

Above

38
Q

C8 emerges between the ____ and ____ vertebrae.

A
  1. C7

2. T1

39
Q

Spinal nerves T1 and lower emerge from the spinal cord ____ the same-numbered vertebra.

A

Below

40
Q

Each spinal nerve divides into the ____ and ____ ____.

A
  1. Dorsal

2. Ventral rami

41
Q

Rami contain both ____ and ____ fibers.

A
  1. Sensory

2. Motor

42
Q

Rami that serve the skin and muscles of the posterior body trunk

A

Dorsal rami

43
Q

Rami that pass anteriorly as the intercostal nerves to supply intercostal muscles and skin and muscles of anterior and lateral trunk

A

Ventral rami of spinal nerves T2 and T12

44
Q

Form complex networks of nerves called nerve plexuses

A

Ventral rami of all spinal nerves other than T2 and T12

45
Q

Complex network of nerves

A

Nerve plexus

46
Q

The ventral rami of all spinal nerves besides T2 and T12 serve the ____ and ____ needs of the muscles of the anterior and lateral trunk; they primarily serve the ____ and ____ of the limbs.

A
  1. Motor
  2. Sensory
  3. Muscles
  4. Skin
47
Q

The 4 major nerve plexuses

A
  1. Cervical plexus
  2. Brachial plexus
  3. Lumbar plexus
  4. Sacral plexus
49
Q

C1 to C5

A

Cervical plexus

50
Q

The major motor branch of the cervical plexus

A

Phrenic nerve

51
Q

The phrenic nerve innervates the ____; one of it’s jobs is to facilitate ____.

A
  1. Diaphragm

2. Breathing

52
Q

C5 to T1

A

Brachial plexus

53
Q

The nerves of the brachial plexus involve ____ ____ and ____skin.

A
  1. Arm muscles

2. Skin

54
Q

5 major peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus

A
  1. Axillary nerve
  2. Radial nerve
  3. Musculocutaneous nerve
  4. Median nerve
  5. Ulnar nerve
55
Q

2 innervations of the axillary nerve

A
  1. Deltoid muscle

2. Teres minor

56
Q

2 innervations of the radial nerve

A
  1. Triceps brachii

2. Forearm extensor muscles

57
Q

2 innervations of the musculocutaneous nerve

A
  1. Biceps brachii

2. Anterior upper arm flexor muscles

58
Q

2 innervations of the median nerve

A
  1. Anterior forearm flexor muscles

2. Lateral palm and fingers

59
Q

2 innervations of the ulnar nerve

A
  1. Anterior forearm flexor muscles

2. Intrinsic muscles of hand

60
Q

2 major nerves of the lumbar plexus

A
  1. Femoral nerve

2. Obturator nerve

61
Q

5 innervations of the femoral nerve

A
  1. Hip flexors
  2. Quadriceps femoris
  3. Sartorius
  4. Pectineus
  5. Skin
62
Q

Innervation of the obturator nerve

A

Femur adductor muscles

63
Q

L4 to S4

A

Sacral plexus

64
Q

3 parts of the body that the nerves of the sacral plexus supply

A
  1. Buttocks
  2. Posterior surface of the thigh
  3. Nearly all sensory/motor fibers of the leg and foot
65
Q

Major peripheral nerve of the sacral plexus

A

Sciatic nerve

66
Q

Leaves the pelvis and travels down the posterior thigh, serving its flexor muscles and skin

A

Sciatic nerve

67
Q

In the popliteal region, the sciatic nerve divides into the ____ ____ ____ and the ____ ____, serving leg muscles and skin.

A
  1. Common fibular nerve

2. Tibial nerve

68
Q

2 branches of the sciatic nerve

A
  1. Common fibular nerve

2. Tibial nerve

69
Q

Innervation of the tibial nerve

A

The hamstrings group

70
Q

3 innervations of the common fibular nerve

A
  1. Biceps femoris
  2. Tibialis anterior
  3. Extensor muscles of the toes
71
Q

Regulates the body activities that are involuntary

A

Autonomic nervous system

72
Q

The autonomic nervous system is a subdivision of the ____ nervous system

A

Peripheral

73
Q

3 parts of the body that are served by the ANS

A
  1. Heart
  2. Smooth muscle found in organs and blood vessels
  3. Internal glands
74
Q

The ANS consists of chains of 2 motor neurons on the ____ pathway.

A

Efferent

75
Q

2 motor neurons of the ANS

A
  1. Preganglionic neuron

2. Ganglionic/postganglionic neuron

76
Q

The first motor neuron that resides in the spinal cord (CNS); its axon leaves the CNS to synapse with the second motor neuron

A

Preganglionic neuron

77
Q

The second motor neuron; its axon goes to the target organ

A

Ganglionic/postganglionic neuron

78
Q

A ganglion refers to a cell body located ____ the CNS.

A

Outside

79
Q

What happens to the axon of the preganglionic neuron?

A

It leaves the CNS to synapse with the second motor neuron

80
Q

What happens to the axon of the ganglionic/postganglionic neuron?

A

It goes to the target organ

81
Q

2 major functional subdivisions of the ANS

A
  1. Sympathetic NS

2. Parasympathetic NS

82
Q

“Fight or flight”

A

Sympathetic nervous system

83
Q

“Rest and digest”

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

Biology 225 Lab (7 decks)

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