Exercise 17: Gross Anatomy Of The Brain And Cranial Nerves Flashcards
By 4th developmental week, the top/front end of the neural tube expands, constricts, and divides itself into the ___, ___, and ___.
Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
An embryonic structure where the CNS is created
Neural tube
The lower segment of the neural tube becomes the ___ ___.
Spinal cord
The central canal of the neural tube enlarges in 4 regions of the
brain making chambers called ___.
Ventricles
The 4 ventricles of the brain
Two lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle
this will grow in the fetal skull and keep the other structures in place
Forebrain
Two front outpocketings from the forebrain develop into ___.
Cerebral hemispheres
In fetal development, the ___ ___ enlarges to produce the cerebellum.
Dorsal hindbrain
Responsible for coordination, balance, and equilibrium of skeletal movements
Cerebellum
In the cerebellum, the ___ is made of gray matter, and the ___ is white matter.
- Cortex
2. Medulla
Medulla (“tree of life”) is also called ___.
Arbor vitae
The dorsal hindbrain is composed of 2 ___ ___.
Lateral hemispheres
A half of the brain
Hemisphere
Hemisphere responsible for artistic and creative thoughts
Right hemisphere
Hemisphere responsible for language skills and speech
Left hemisphere
an area in which unfamiliar words are sounded out
Wernicke’s area
The Wernicke’s area is located in the ___ hemisphere only.
Left
A ridge of the brain
Gyrus (plural: gyri)
Shallow groove of the brain
Sulcus (plural- sulci)
Deep groove of the brain (also called deep sulcus)
Fissure
Divides the cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
Divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Separates the temporal lobe from parietal lobe
Lateral sulcus
A shallow groove on the sides of each hemisphere that divides the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus
5 lobes of the brain
- Frontal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Insula (hidden)
3 functional areas in the frontal lobe
- Primary motor area
- Broca’s area
- Prefrontal cortex
Functional area that literally makes you control your movements (skeletal muscle)
Primary motor area
The primary motor area is located in the ___ ___ of the frontal lobe.
Precentral gyrus
Functional area also known as the motor speech area of the brain; if damaged, you cannot articulate words
Broca’s area
Functional area responsible for intellect, complex reasoning, and personality
Prefrontal cortex
Functional area in the occipital lobe responsible for vision
Visual area
2 functional areas in the parietal lobe
- Primary somatosensory cortex
2. Somatosensory association area
Functional area that picks up body senses such as pressure, pain, and temperature; ex: “This information is coming from my foot.”
Primary somatosensory cortex
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ___ ___ of the parietal lobe.
Postcentral gyrus
Functional area that analyzes the meaning of the message or stimuli; makes you aware of pain, coldness, and a light touch; ex: “Ouch! I have a pain there!”
Somatosensory association area
2 functional areas in the temporal lobe
- Olfactory area
2. Auditory association area & primary auditory cortex
Functional area dealing with smell
Olfactory area
Functional area responsible for sound/hearing analysis
Auditory association area & primary auditory complex
“Hidden lobe”; the fifth lobe in each hemisphere that is covered by the other lobes
Insula
Band of nervous tissue connecting the cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Outermost gray matter of cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Found deep to the cerebral cortex; composed of fiber tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex
Cerebral white matter
Cluster of neuron cell bodies (islands of gray matter) in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres
Nuclei
Important in regulating voluntary motor activities
Basal ganglia (aka basal nuclei)
Basal ganglia examples include the ___ ___ and ___ ___ (sometimes collectively called the ___ ___).
- Caudate nucleus
- Lentiform nucleus
- Corpus striatum
Synapse point of cranial nerve I
Olfactory bulbs
Cranial nerve II
Optic nerves
Where the fibers of the optic nerves partially cross over
Optic chiasma
Part of the diencephalon responsible for relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception
Thalamus
Part of the diencephalon responsible for regulating homeostasis
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus links the ___ system and ___ system.
- Nervous
2. Endocrine
In the diencephalon, an endocrine gland responsible for bringing about hormonal changes to the body
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland hangs below the ___ by a stalk called the ___.
- Hypothalamus
2. Infundibulum
Part of the diencephalon that secretes melatonin, which helps with regular sleep cycles
Pineal gland
In the diencephalon, knotlike collections of capillaries within each ventricle that form CSF
Choroid plexus
Forms a watery cushion that protects the delicate brain against blows to the head; similar to plasma
Cerebrospinal fluid
The brainstem contains the ___ and the ___ ___
- Midbrain
2. Fourth ventricle
Means “bridge”; in the brainstem, consists of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting the brain with lower CNS centers
Pons
Lowest brainstem region; composed of fiber tracts; houses many vital autonomic centers involved in the control of heart rate, respiratory rhythm, and blood pressure and involuntary centers involved in vomiting and swallowing.
Medulla oblongata
In the brainstem, a slender canal traveling through the midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
Protective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord
Meninges (singular: meninx)
The 3 meninges
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
Outermost meninx; double-layered membrane
Dura mater
3 parts of the dura mater
- Periosteal layer
- Dural sinus
- Meningeal layer
Weblike middle meninx
Arachnoid mater
Separates arachnoid mater from dura mater
Subdural space
Separates arachnoid mater from pia mater
Subarachnoid space
The subarachnoid space is filled with ___ ___.
Cerebrospinal fluid
Protrude through dura mater to allow the cerebrospinal fluid to drain back into venous circulation
Arachnoid villi
Innermost meninx; delicate layer; highly vascular and clings to the surface of the brain
Pia mater
