final part 4 Flashcards
In an enzymatic reaction, succinate dehydrogenase catalyses the conversion of succinate ions to fumarate ions. The reaction is affected by malonate ions which have a very similar shape to succinate ions. The similar shape allows the malonate ions to bind to the active site of the enzyme and blocks it. If the succinate ions have a greater concentration than the malonate ions, they will get access to the site and can overcome the effect of the malonate. Based on this scenario, answer the following questions (a-g):
a. Name the type of inhibition taking place here and explain how you determined it.
b. What is the substrate in this reaction? ____________________________
c. If increasing the substrate concentration would not have overcome the inhibition reaction, what type of inhibition would be plausible? ____________________________
d. What would happen to succinate dehydrogenase if exposed to high temperatures?
e. Succinate dehydrogenase is used in the Krebs cycle. What is the main purpose of the Krebs cycle?
f. By which process is ATP formed in the Krebs cycle? ____________________________
g. Which waste product is made as a result of the Kreb’s cycle AND in which other stage of cell respiration do we see this waste product?
a. competitive inhibition
b. succinate
c. noncompetitive inhibition
d. denatures
e. to produce NADH [must have this] and FADH2 for the Electron Transport Chain
f. substrate-level phosphorylation
g. CO2, production/formation of acetyl coA/pyruvate oxidation
The innermembranes and intermembrane spaces of the mitochondria are involved with making ATP by which process? __________________________________
oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis plus ETC)
What is the direct function of the ETC?
To provide energy for pumping hydrogen against its concentration gradient
Briefly describe how the ATP synthase functions:
Binds hydrogen and rotates to generate mechanical energy that allows phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (chemical work).
What is the role of the hydrogen that accumulates in the intermembrane space?
Establishes a proton motive force (potential energy) which powers chemiosmosis (powers the ATP synthase to make ATP; provides the potential energy to power ATP synthase)
What is the significance of the specific location(s) at which NADH and FADH2 are oxidized? Include in your answer how these molecules contribute to the overall total generation of energy molecules.
These locations are important, because it is the reason why NADH contributes more to the overall production of ATP than FADH2, (since it is oxidized first and activates all three hydrogen pumps). NADH provides energy/electrons for the electron transport chain for pumping 10 hydrogens, whereas FADH2 only provides for pumping 6 hydrogens
How would a cell make ATP if the cytochrome-C complex became defective?
It would make ATP through glycolysis/anaerobic respiration/fermentation
Have a temporal adaptation to open their stomata at night and close them during the day to prevent water loss during the daytime, CAM, C-3 or C-4 plants?
CAM
Use PEP carboxylase, CAM, C-3 or C-4 plants?
CAM and C-4
Have a structural adaptation comprised of bundle sheath cells arranged in a ring surrounded by a ring of mesophyll layer, CAM, C-3 or C-4 plants?
C-4
Form malate to store CO2, CAm, C-3 or C-4 plants?
CAM and C-4
Use Calvin to make glucose, CAM, C-3 or C-4 plants?
CAM, C-3 and C-4 plants
Use Rubisco; CAM, C-3 or C-4 plants
CAM, C-3 and C-4 plants
Has a primary electron acceptor to catch photoexcited electrons; PS1 or PS2?
PS1 and PS2
Uses electrons from the electron transport chain to replenish electrons lost by chlorophyll a; PS1 or PS2
PS1
