Final part 2 Flashcards
What are the functions of proteins?
structural support, transport, cellular signaling, enzymatic action
What methods may channel proteins be activated?
ligand/signal molecule, regulatory protein/peripheral protein, voltage change or change in electrochemical gradient, sound waves
What applies to cholesterol
maintains the integrity of cell membranes by buffering the effects of temperature fluctuations AND is a precursor for the synthesis of steroids
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane to balance solute concentrations is called ________
OSMOSIS
Cellular respiration is comprised of a series of reactions that break down molecules from complex to simple. Energetically, this reaction is considered __________________________, and metabolically, we call it __________________________.
EXERGONIC and CATABOLIC
The _________________________ consists of all of the internal contents of a cell—the organelles and the fluid material.
CYTOPLASM
Pinocytosis is the process by which ______________________ enters a cell
FLUID
The sum total of all reactions that occur within a cell is referred to as _________
METABOLISM
ATP can be made by _________________________ and _______________________
substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phoshorylation
The initial energy source for making ATP comes from ______________
breakdown of food
to liberate a phosphate group from ATP for the purpose of carrying out cellular work, which reaction takes place?
hydrolysis
three types of cellular work are:
chemical, mechanical, transport
What is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump?
the pump is for returning the cell to either rest or repolarizing
at rest, the cell is negative inside with respect to the outside and there is more K+ inside than outside (more Na+ outside than inside)
it is an active process therefore it needs ATP
ATP then changes the shape of the protein pump and allows Na+ to bind in E1 and K+ in E2
3 Na+ are pumped out and 2 K+ are pumped in
What is used for intracellular digestion by hydrolytic action mostly in animal cells?
lysosome
What takes in water in a plant cell and builds turgor pressure?
vacuole
This is where microtubules are produced for the purpose of providing microtubules during cell division
centrosome
the sites of protein synthesis and are comprised of two parts, a large subunit and a small subunit
ribosomes
composed of a primary layer for flexibility and a secondary layer for structure through a matrix of proteins and other polysaccharides that provides a rigid shape, structure, protection and support
cell wall
glues adjacent plant cells together with sticky polysaccharides
middle lamella
