Cell Cycle

Question 1

how many types of chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 1

23 types

Question 2

how many total chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 2

46, one of each type from each parent

Question 3

when are chromosomes replicated?

Answer 3

S phase of interphase

Question 4

what is cell division

Answer 4

eukaryotic cells progress through a cell cycle that leads to cell division

Question 5

what is cell growth

Answer 5

follows cell division, cells take up nutrients and expand in volume

Question 6

what is differentation

Answer 6

due to gene regulation, cells differentiate into different types of cells

Question 7

what is migration

Answer 7

during embryonic development, cells migrate to appropriate position in the body

Question 8

what is apoptosis

Answer 8

cell death

Question 9

what are cell connections

Answer 9

physical and chemical communication

Question 10

What are the phases of mitosis?

Answer 10

interphase (g1,s,g2), prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase & cytokinesis

Question 11

What are the phases of meiosis?

Answer 11

interphase (g1,s,g2), prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase & cytokinesis 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2 & cytokinesis

Question 12

what happens during the g1 phase of interphase?

Answer 12

pre duplication

Question 13

what happens during the s phase of interphase?

Answer 13

chromosomes duplicate

Question 14

what happens during the g2 phase of interphase?

Answer 14

centrioles replicate

Question 15

what happens during the prophase of mitosis?

Answer 15

sister chromatids condense
centrioles move to poles
spindle fibers form
nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 16

what happens during the prometaphase of mitosis?

Answer 16

nuclear membrane is gone
spindle fibers are formed
sister chromatids attach to spindle fibers via kinetic microtubules

Question 17

what happens during the metaphase of mitosis?

Answer 17

sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate

Question 18

what happens during the anaphase of mitosis?

Answer 18

sister chromatids separate & move toward opposite poles as the kinetochore microtubules shorten

Question 19

what happens during the telophase & cytokinesis of mitosis?

Answer 19

nuclear membrane re-forms
chromosomes decondense
cells divide

Question 20

what is the end product of mitosis?

Answer 20

2 identical diploid daughter cells
somatic cells

Question 21

what is the purpose of mitosis?

Answer 21

growth and repair

Question 22

how many dna replications happen in mitosis?

Answer 22

1

Question 23

how many cell divisions happen in mitosis?

Answer 23

1

Question 24

what happens during prophase 1 of meiosis 1?

Answer 24

homologous chromosomes synapse to form tetrads & crossing over occurs
chromosomes condense & nuclear membrane begins to break down

Question 25

what happens during metaphase 1 of meiosis 1?

Answer 25

tetrads align along metaphase plate
randomly line up

Question 26

where does independent assortment occur

Answer 26

metaphase

Question 27

what happens during anaphase 1 of meiosis 1?

Answer 27

homologous chromosomes separate & move toward opposite poles

Question 28

what happens during telophase 1 & cytokinesis of meiosis 1?

Answer 28

nuclear membrane re-forms
chromosomes de condense
cells divide

Question 29

what is the end product of meiosis 1

Answer 29

2 haploid daughter cells with pairs of sister chromatids

Question 30

what happens during prophase 2 of meiosis 2?

Answer 30

sister chromatids condense
spindle fibers form
nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 31

what happens during metaphase 2 of meiosis 2?

Answer 31

tetrads align along metaphase plate

Question 32

what happens during anaphase 2 of meiosis 2?

Answer 32

sister chromatids separate & move toward opposite poles

Question 33

what happens during telophase 2 & cytokinesis of meiosis 2?

Answer 33

nuclear membranes re-form
chromosomes de condense
cells divide

Question 34

what is the end product of meiosis

Answer 34

4 unique haploid daughter cells AKA gametes
sex cells
each cell has 1 type of chromosome

Question 35

how many cell divisions are in meiosis

Answer 35

2

Question 36

how many dna replications are in meiosis

Answer 36

1

Question 37

what is the purpose of meiosis

Answer 37

reproduction/genetic variation

Question 38

what is a genome?

Answer 38

the genetic information to make proteins
with specific structures and functions

Question 39

what is a proteome?

Answer 39

the collection of the proteins
responsible for the structure and function of living cells

Question 40

what are cyclins?

Answer 40

Checkpoint proteins that regulate the cell cycle;
work with enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases
(cdks)

Question 41

what are the types of microtubules?

Answer 41

astral, polar, kinetochore

Question 42

what do astral microtubules do?

Answer 42

position spindle in cell

Question 43

what do polar microtubules do?

Answer 43

separate 2 poles

Question 44

what do kinetochore microtubules do?

Answer 44

attach to kinetochore proteins that
are bound to centromeres

Question 45

what are homologous pairs of chromosomes?

Answer 45

same chromosome (with
gene sequence) each one from
one parent.

Question 46

what is synapsis?

Answer 46

joining of homologous
chromosomes by a synaptonemal
complex.

Question 47

what are bivalents?

Answer 47

tetrads or four
chromatids

Question 48

what is chiasma?

Answer 48

point of exchange
or crossing over

Question 49

what is interkinesis?

Answer 49

brief pause between meiosis I and II