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FINAL EXAM > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

how many types of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 types

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2
Q

how many total chromosomes do humans have?

A

46, one of each type from each parent

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3
Q

when are chromosomes replicated?

A

S phase of interphase

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4
Q

what is cell division

A

eukaryotic cells progress through a cell cycle that leads to cell division

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5
Q

what is cell growth

A

follows cell division, cells take up nutrients and expand in volume

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6
Q

what is differentation

A

due to gene regulation, cells differentiate into different types of cells

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7
Q

what is migration

A

during embryonic development, cells migrate to appropriate position in the body

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8
Q

what is apoptosis

A

cell death

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9
Q

what are cell connections

A

physical and chemical communication

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10
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

interphase (g1,s,g2), prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase & cytokinesis

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11
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A

interphase (g1,s,g2), prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase & cytokinesis 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2 & cytokinesis

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12
Q

what happens during the g1 phase of interphase?

A

pre duplication

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13
Q

what happens during the s phase of interphase?

A

chromosomes duplicate

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14
Q

what happens during the g2 phase of interphase?

A

centrioles replicate

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15
Q

what happens during the prophase of mitosis?

A

sister chromatids condense
centrioles move to poles
spindle fibers form
nuclear membrane breaks down

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16
Q

what happens during the prometaphase of mitosis?

A

nuclear membrane is gone
spindle fibers are formed
sister chromatids attach to spindle fibers via kinetic microtubules

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17
Q

what happens during the metaphase of mitosis?

A

sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate

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18
Q

what happens during the anaphase of mitosis?

A

sister chromatids separate & move toward opposite poles as the kinetochore microtubules shorten

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19
Q

what happens during the telophase & cytokinesis of mitosis?

A

nuclear membrane re-forms
chromosomes decondense
cells divide

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20
Q

what is the end product of mitosis?

A

2 identical diploid daughter cells
somatic cells

21
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis?

A

growth and repair

22
Q

how many dna replications happen in mitosis?

A

1

23
Q

how many cell divisions happen in mitosis?

A

1

24
Q

what happens during prophase 1 of meiosis 1?

A

homologous chromosomes synapse to form tetrads & crossing over occurs
chromosomes condense & nuclear membrane begins to break down

25
Q

what happens during metaphase 1 of meiosis 1?

A

tetrads align along metaphase plate
randomly line up

26
Q

where does independent assortment occur

A

metaphase

27
Q

what happens during anaphase 1 of meiosis 1?

A

homologous chromosomes separate & move toward opposite poles

28
Q

what happens during telophase 1 & cytokinesis of meiosis 1?

A

nuclear membrane re-forms
chromosomes de condense
cells divide

29
Q

what is the end product of meiosis 1

A

2 haploid daughter cells with pairs of sister chromatids

30
Q

what happens during prophase 2 of meiosis 2?

A

sister chromatids condense
spindle fibers form
nuclear membrane breaks down

31
Q

what happens during metaphase 2 of meiosis 2?

A

tetrads align along metaphase plate

32
Q

what happens during anaphase 2 of meiosis 2?

A

sister chromatids separate & move toward opposite poles

33
Q

what happens during telophase 2 & cytokinesis of meiosis 2?

A

nuclear membranes re-form
chromosomes de condense
cells divide

34
Q

what is the end product of meiosis

A

4 unique haploid daughter cells AKA gametes
sex cells
each cell has 1 type of chromosome

35
Q

how many cell divisions are in meiosis

A

2

36
Q

how many dna replications are in meiosis

A

1

37
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis

A

reproduction/genetic variation

38
Q

what is a genome?

A

the genetic information to make proteins
with specific structures and functions

39
Q

what is a proteome?

A

the collection of the proteins
responsible for the structure and function of living cells

40
Q

what are cyclins?

A

Checkpoint proteins that regulate the cell cycle;
work with enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases
(cdks)

41
Q

what are the types of microtubules?

A

astral, polar, kinetochore

42
Q

what do astral microtubules do?

A

position spindle in cell

43
Q

what do polar microtubules do?

A

separate 2 poles

44
Q

what do kinetochore microtubules do?

A

attach to kinetochore proteins that
are bound to centromeres

45
Q

what are homologous pairs of chromosomes?

A

same chromosome (with
gene sequence) each one from
one parent.

46
Q

what is synapsis?

A

joining of homologous
chromosomes by a synaptonemal
complex.

47
Q

what are bivalents?

A

tetrads or four
chromatids

48
Q

what is chiasma?

A

point of exchange
or crossing over

49
Q

what is interkinesis?

A

brief pause between meiosis I and II

FINAL EXAM (8 decks)

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