Cellular Communication

Question 1

What are plant cell junctions?

Answer 1

plasmodesmata & middle lamella

Question 2

Function of plasmodesmata?

Answer 2

allows cystol to pass through the cells

Question 3

What are animal cell junctions?

Answer 3

tight, anchoring, gap junctions

Question 4

Function of gap junctions?

Answer 4

cell to cell communication

Question 5

Function of tight junctions?

Answer 5

prevents leakage from one cell to another

Question 6

Function of anchoring junctions?

Answer 6

keeps cells in place and provides connection and tissue strength

Question 7

What are the types of signaling

Answer 7

Local & Long Distance

Question 8

What is Local signaling?

Answer 8

direct cell to cell contact; cell junctions and cell to cell recognition (involves receptor proteins most of the time)

Question 9

What is Long-Distance signaling?

Answer 9

common in the endocrine and neuroendocrine system; involves hormones and molecules move from one cell to another

Question 10

What are the three stages of signaling?

Answer 10

1. receptor activation 2. signal transduction 3. cellular response

Question 11

What happens during receptor activation?

Answer 11

signals molecules to bind to either the surface or outside of a protein

Question 12

What type of protein is the receptor protein?

Answer 12

integral transmembrane protein

Question 13

What happens during signal transduction?

Answer 13

binding causes change in the receptor and a series of reactions is triggered (signal transduction pathway)

Question 14

What happens during cellular response?

Answer 14

cell activity; change in metabolism for example

Question 15

What are the types of cell receptors?

Answer 15

at the surface and intracellular

Question 16

What are the surface receptors?

Answer 16

ligand bonding
conformational change to the receptor causes the receptor to be activated to respond to other molecules

Question 17

What happens at Intracellular receptors?

Answer 17

signal receptors dissolve into cystol or nucleus of target cells
conformational change
horomones

Question 18

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

Answer 18

Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System

Question 19

What are the functions of the Central Nervous System>

Answer 19

Involves the brain and spinal cord
Sensory input
sensory neurons; visual, auditory, sensory

Question 20

What are the functions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

Answer 20

motor outputs
motor neurons

Question 21

What neuron bridges the Sensory and Motor Neurons?

Answer 21

inner neurons

Question 22

A group of neurons is called:

Answer 22

ganglion

Question 23

What are the parts of a motor neuron?

Answer 23

cell body, dendrites, nucleus, axon hillock, myelin sheath, axon, nodes of ranvier, schwann cells, terminal branches, terminal ends

Question 24

Action potential is initiated in the

Answer 24

axon hillock

Question 25

what integrates information (info goes from dendrites to whole body)

Answer 25

cell body

Question 26

exon is exposed to extracellular fluid in where?

Answer 26

nodes of raniver (where action potential is propogated)

Question 27

what picks up information from the environment?

Answer 27

dendrites

Question 28

synapses occur where?

Answer 28

terminal branches or terminal ends (where synapses actually are)

Question 29

what make up the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Answer 29

shwann cells

Question 30

What makes up the myelin sheath in the CNS?

Answer 30

allegal dendrocites

Question 31

insulation for the cell: to speed condution of a signal is

Answer 31

myelin sheath

Question 32

transmits the signal

Answer 32

axon

Question 33

When is resting membrane potential?

Answer 33

-70 mV

Question 34

What is resting membrane potential?

Answer 34

the difference between the charges outside of the cell and inside the cell, at resting = more inside the cell

Question 35

What is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 35

to restore the resting membrane potential

Question 36

What are the phases of Action Potential?

Answer 36

1. Resting 2. Rising 3. Top of the Curve 5. Falling

Question 37

What stays the same throughout all the phases?

Answer 37

leaky K+ channels are always there

Question 38

What happens during the Resting Phase?

Answer 38

inactivation gate opened, activation gate closed so the channel is responsive = can respond to a signal/impulse/stimulus
K+ voltage gated channel = closed

Question 39

What happens during the Rising Phase?

Answer 39

*if a stimulus opens Na+ activation gate. Na+ will come into the cell, if enough come in threshold potential will be reached, to full depolarization (-50mV) = all or no response
both channels opened
K+ voltage gated channels = closed

Question 40

What happens during the Top of the Curve Phase?

Answer 40

inactivation gate closed = so no matter what stimulus bombards channel - we can’t respond, activation gate opened
K+ voltage gated channel = opening

Question 41

What happens during the Falling Phase?

Answer 41

inactivation gate closed, activation gate opened
K+ voltage gated channels = opened allowing K+ to go out, until it reaches resting potential where it is slow to close

Question 42

What are the two types of synapses?

Answer 42

pre-synaptic cell (membrane) and post-synaptic cell (membrane)

Question 43

What is the pre-synaptic cell?

Answer 43

the neuron sending the signal

Question 44

What is the post-synaptic cell?

Answer 44

the neuron receiving the signal

Question 45

What are the two post-synaptic receptors?

Answer 45

ionotropic receptors & metabotropic receptors

Question 46

What is the ionotropic receptor?

Answer 46

ligand-gated that open in response to binding of a neurotransmitter

Question 47

What is the metabotropic receptor?

Answer 47

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
do not form a channel
they are coupled to a signal transduction pathway