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Motor Control > Final: Part 1 > Flashcards

Final: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Upper extremity function belongs under which three categories of the ICF model

A

body structure/function for ROM
Activities for self care or using ADs
Participation for manipulating objects to fit needs like driving

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2
Q

What are the three general factors that impact reach, grasp, and manipulation

A

individual, task, and the environment

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3
Q

What are the four key elements for reaching, grasping, and manipulating objects

A

visual regarding
reaching
grasping
manipulation

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4
Q

How an individual reaches, grasps, and manipulates an object involves the use of ______ and _____ components

A

musculoskeletal and neural

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5
Q

What are the two movement control principles for reaching

A

feedforward and feedback

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6
Q

Explain the principle of feedforward during reaching and its significance

A

It takes advantage of previous experience to plan and reach for objects. This is the anticipatory information

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7
Q

Explain the principle of feedback during reaching and it’s significance

A

Feedback information determines whether the goal was met or not. If it wasn’t met, it sends information to the brain to adjust feedforward info for next time

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8
Q

During reaching, if there is more feedforward information, there is less _____. Which overall means less feedback information.

A

error

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9
Q

During reaching, if there is more feedforward information, there will be less error. This means that there will also be less ____ information

A

feedback

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10
Q

Is feedback and open or closed loop

A

closed

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11
Q

Feedback control: command specifies desired ______

A

state

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12
Q

(feedforward/feedback) control: command specifies desired state

A

feedback

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13
Q

Describe the sequence of a feedback control loop if an individual is trying to catch a ball

A

The brain is determining whether a goal is met so there is a

Reference signal/command
error signal
controller
actuator/muscle
does the ball touch the hand?
sensory information is sent to
input processing
A feedback signal is sent to
The comparator to start the loop over
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14
Q

Describe the sequence of a feedforward loop if an individual is trying to catch a ball

A

As the ball is coming towards the hand, we use

Visual detection to measure distance which then uses
Input processing and
Feed forward controls from memory to adjust.
The controller makes the adjustment and activates
The actuator/muscles to catch the ball
Once the ball is in the hand, we use feedback information that involves
sensory and input processing to send a
feedback signal to the brain

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15
Q

In regards to feedforward and feedback information working together, when are the elbow muscles activated during a reaching catch? (i.e. during feedback or feedforward)

A

They are activated during the feedforward phase well before the ball touches the hand.

Remember that feedback does not start until the ball is caught/touches the hand

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16
Q

Feedforward control: command specifies ______.

A

response

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17
Q

(feedback/feedforward) control: command specifies response

A

feedforward

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18
Q

Before an object can be reached, grasped, or manipulated, first things first located a ______

A

target/object

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19
Q

How is an objected/target located

A

By using eye head and trunk coordination which is dependent on the task being performed

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20
Q

If an object is located in the central vision, ____ movement is only used

A

eye

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21
Q

For objects in the periphery, (eyes/neck) moves first, then (eyes/neck).

A

eyes; neck

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22
Q

In regards to locating a target, ____ movement is needed if the target is in the periphery. Especially if accuracy is needed

A

Head/neck

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23
Q

When are trunk movements used to locate an object

A

When the object is in the far periphery

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24
Q

If an object is not in the central vision, what percentage of movement must come from the head before eye movement can occur

A

60 to 75%

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25
Q

True or False:

Eye and hand movements interact with and influence each other

A

true

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26
Q

Reaching with vision is more accurate and the movement time is (slower/faster)

A

slower

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27
Q

______ signals from eye muscles contribute to the ability to localize targets in extra-personal space

A

proprioception

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28
Q

True or False:

Studies show that inaccurate eye movements do not result in inaccurate reaches

A

false

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29
Q

What are features of reaching and grasping influenced by?

A

task goals and constraints

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30
Q

When the goal is to point to an object the segments of the arm move (together/separately from the hand)

A

together

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31
Q

When the goal is grasp an object the segments of the arm move (together/separately from the hand)

A

separately from the hand

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32
Q

Explain the acceleration time of pointing compared to a reach/grasp task

A

The acceleration time of point is faster because there’s nothing to prepare for. Versus during a reach and grasp task, you slow down halfway through to prepare the body to complete the task

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33
Q

Explain the difference in time needed to complete a pointing task versus a reach/grasp task

A

Point took 85/100 units to finish the task and grasping took the 100/100 units to finish the task.

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34
Q

What are the 3 primary areas of the brain that help control reach and grasp

A
  1. Primary motor and premotor cortex
  2. Posterior parietal lobe
  3. Cerebellum
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35
Q

Sensory systems are involved in reaching and grasping tasks. Perception and object recognition starts in the ____ cortex and moves to the _____ cortex.

A

visual/ temporal

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36
Q

Sensory systems are involved in reaching and grasping tasks. Localization starts in the ____ cortex and moves to the _____ love.

A

visual; parietal

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37
Q

(higher/lower) centers in the cortex make a movement plan for reaching and grasping objects

A

higher

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38
Q

Higher centers in the cortex make movement plans for reaching a grasping objects. Plans are sent to the ____ ____ and the _____ simultaneously

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

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39
Q

In regards to the higher centers in the cortex making movement plans for reaching and grasping objects, why is information sent to the basal ganglia and cerebellum simultaneously

A

The basal ganglia is responsible for motor output so it will develop a plan and the cerebellum checks it and receives and updates the movement plan with sensory information

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40
Q

Perception of (unstable/stable) visual environment despite shifts in retinal input. The _____ cortex coordinates eye movements with other body parts

A

stable/ premotor

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41
Q

The (ventral/dorsal) stream pathway involves the visual to temporal cortex

A

ventral

42
Q

The (ventral/dorsal) stream pathway involves the visual to parietal cortex

A

dorsal

43
Q

Is the ventral or dorsal pathway conscious of visual perceptual experience and the identifying objects

A

ventral

44
Q

Is the ventral or dorsal pathway involved with action relevant information for reaching and mediates sensorimotor transformations

A

dorsal

45
Q

Which stream pathway can locate an object and knows what it is, but fails to name it

A

ventral

46
Q

Which stream pathway can identify and name an object using hand movements and fine tuning without the use of vision

A

dorsal

47
Q

The ____ stream is responsible for PERCEPTION of a task

A

ventral

48
Q

The ____ stream is responsible for PLANNING of a task

A

dorsal

49
Q

Is the ventral or dorsal stream easier to fool

A

ventral

50
Q

What is highly responsible for the eye centered, body centered, and coordination transformations

A

posterior parietal cortex

51
Q

What does the eye centered strategy need to know

A

the position of the object and the hand

52
Q

What does the body centered strategy need to know

A

the position of the shoulder, the object, and the hand

53
Q

What does the coordination transformation strategy need to know

A

Information from the parietal cortex so it can make calculations to move the current placement of the hand to the target placement

54
Q

If there is a lesion in the posterior parietal lobe, what will an individual have difficulty with

A
  1. Reaching in the right direction and positioning of fingers
  2. Adjusting the grasp to the size of the object
  3. Orientation of the hands in fingers like the lab in class
  4. Scaling the maximum grip aperture
55
Q

What are the 6 sensory integration that are coordinated in the posterior parietal cortex

A 
visual
auditory
somatosensory
eye movement
head movement
limb movements
56
Q

What is the primary role of visual feedback

A

to improve accuracy

57
Q

True or False

Reaching with visual feedback is longer in duration because the duration of the grasp component increases

A

False, the grasping component does not change even though reaching with visual feedback takes longer

58
Q

When reaching is occurring in the absence of visual cortex function, where is processing taking place at

A

The level of the retina and the lateral geniculate before it gets to the cortex

59
Q

(Ipsilateral/contralateral) reaches are quicker and more accurate

A

ipsilateral

60
Q

(Ipsilateral/contralateral) reaches are slower and less accurate

A

contralateral

61
Q

True or False

Ipsilateral reaches are quicker and more accurate and contralateral reaches are slower and less accurate in BOTH neurologically normal adults and those with neurological deficit

A

true

62
Q

What is the role of muscle spindles when it comes to grasping tasks

A

position sense an muscle length

63
Q

What is the role of cutaneous afferents

A

position sense and a drift with repeated motions

64
Q

______ afferent input is needed for adaption of grasping objects

A

cutaneous

65
Q

The ______ cortex is involved in appropriate responses to changes in afferent input when it comes to grasping tasks

A

somatosensory

66
Q

(Feedback/feedforward) uses updated proprioceptive and visual body maps to allow reaching movemet

A

feedforward

67
Q

What is the specific time frame on how often a visual body map must be updated in regards to the anticipatory control of reaching

A

there is none

68
Q

Are visual body maps connected with motor systems or visual/somatosensory systems contributions to anticipatory control of reaching and grasping

A

visual and somatosensory

69
Q

Which cortexes are involved in visual motor transformations or the move from sensory visual processing to the selection of a motor plan

A

parietal cortex and premotor cortex

70
Q

Where is a motor program initiaed

A

in the motor cortex

71
Q

True or False:

Reach and grasp use the same descending pathways

A

false they use different pathways

72
Q

The primary motor cortex and corticospinal tract controls (reach/grasp)

A

grasp

73
Q

The midbrain and brainstem pathways are involved in (reach/grasp)

A

reach

74
Q

Which pathway controls grasp

A

primary motor cortex and corticospinal tract

75
Q

Which pathway controls reach

A

midbrain and brainstem

76
Q

Precision and power are controlled (togeter/seperately)

A

seperately

77
Q

The ______ helps control both grasp and release

A

cerebellum

78
Q

The cerebellums helps control both grasp and ____

A

release

79
Q

What is the name of the pathway that has red nucleus in the midbrain

A

rubrospinal pathway

80
Q

The rubrospinal pathway deals with (reach/grasp)

A

reach

81
Q

What is the name of the pathway that has reticular formation in the brainstem

A

reticulospinal pathway

82
Q

The reticulospinal pathway deals with (reach/grasp)

A

reach

83
Q

Reaching requires a stable ____ because the COM will move with a reach

A

BOS

84
Q

Reaching requires a stable BOS because of the ____ will move with reach

A

COM

85
Q

What are the three roles of the cerebellum in the postural support of reaching

A
  1. Learning of anticipatory postural control
  2. Adjustment to changes in posture
  3. Timing of adjustment
86
Q

True or False

postural requirement of reaching vary according to the task

A

true

87
Q

Prior _____ and task both play a role on hand shape for grasp

A

knowledge

88
Q

Prior knowledge and task both play a role in hand _____ for grasp

A

shape

89
Q

Prior knowledge and ___ both play a role in hand shape for grasp

A

task

90
Q

What are the two requirements for successful grasp

A
  1. Hand adapted to task conditions

2. Finger movement times appropriately

91
Q

Patterns of grasp vary according to what three things

A

location of the object
size of the object
shape of the object

92
Q

What are the two classifications of grasp

A

power grasp

precision grasp

93
Q

How are the finger and thumb pads oriented in a power grasp

A

toward the palm

94
Q

What types of grasps will use a power grasp

A

hook grasp, spherical grasp, and cylindrical grasp

95
Q

How are the finger and thumb pads oriented in a precision grasp

A

toward each other

96
Q

Which grip allows for manipulation of objects within the hand or relative to the hand like carrying things

A

precision

97
Q

When does grip form

A

during the transportation phase of reach (when your reaching for the object)

98
Q

List the intrinsic and extrinsic/contextual properties of pre-grasping

A

intrinsic: size, shape, texture
extrinsic: location, orientation, distance from the body

99
Q

Do the intrinsic or extrinsic factors of pre-grasping stay the same from trial to trial

A

intrinsic

100
Q

List the order of the lift phases in which they occur

A
  1. contact between fingers and object
  2. load and grip forces increases
  3. object begins to move
  4. Force decreases at the end of the lift
101
Q

The ____ chooses parameters for grip and load force

A

CNS

102
Q

The ____ organizes predictive responses for grip and lift tasks based on prior experiences

A

cerebellum

Motor Control (11 decks)

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