Final: Part 1 Flashcards by Madelynn Kahl

Upper extremity function belongs under which three categories of the ICF model

body structure/function for ROM
Activities for self care or using ADs
Participation for manipulating objects to fit needs like driving

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What are the three general factors that impact reach, grasp, and manipulation

individual, task, and the environment

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What are the four key elements for reaching, grasping, and manipulating objects

visual regarding
reaching
grasping
manipulation

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How an individual reaches, grasps, and manipulates an object involves the use of ______ and _____ components

musculoskeletal and neural

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What are the two movement control principles for reaching

feedforward and feedback

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Explain the principle of feedforward during reaching and its significance

It takes advantage of previous experience to plan and reach for objects. This is the anticipatory information

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Explain the principle of feedback during reaching and it’s significance

Feedback information determines whether the goal was met or not. If it wasn’t met, it sends information to the brain to adjust feedforward info for next time

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During reaching, if there is more feedforward information, there is less _____. Which overall means less feedback information.

error

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During reaching, if there is more feedforward information, there will be less error. This means that there will also be less ____ information

feedback

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Is feedback and open or closed loop

closed

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Feedback control: command specifies desired ______

state

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(feedforward/feedback) control: command specifies desired state

feedback

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Describe the sequence of a feedback control loop if an individual is trying to catch a ball

The brain is determining whether a goal is met so there is a

Reference signal/command
error signal
controller
actuator/muscle
does the ball touch the hand?
sensory information is sent to
input processing
A feedback signal is sent to
The comparator to start the loop over

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Describe the sequence of a feedforward loop if an individual is trying to catch a ball

As the ball is coming towards the hand, we use

Visual detection to measure distance which then uses
Input processing and
Feed forward controls from memory to adjust.
The controller makes the adjustment and activates
The actuator/muscles to catch the ball
Once the ball is in the hand, we use feedback information that involves
sensory and input processing to send a
feedback signal to the brain

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In regards to feedforward and feedback information working together, when are the elbow muscles activated during a reaching catch? (i.e. during feedback or feedforward)

They are activated during the feedforward phase well before the ball touches the hand.

Remember that feedback does not start until the ball is caught/touches the hand

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Feedforward control: command specifies ______.

response

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(feedback/feedforward) control: command specifies response

feedforward

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Before an object can be reached, grasped, or manipulated, first things first located a ______

target/object

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How is an objected/target located

By using eye head and trunk coordination which is dependent on the task being performed

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If an object is located in the central vision, ____ movement is only used

eye

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For objects in the periphery, (eyes/neck) moves first, then (eyes/neck).

eyes; neck

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In regards to locating a target, ____ movement is needed if the target is in the periphery. Especially if accuracy is needed

Head/neck

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When are trunk movements used to locate an object

When the object is in the far periphery

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If an object is not in the central vision, what percentage of movement must come from the head before eye movement can occur

60 to 75%

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True or False: Eye and hand movements interact with and influence each other

true

Reaching with vision is more accurate and the movement time is (slower/faster)

slower

______ signals from eye muscles contribute to the ability to localize targets in extra-personal space

proprioception

True or False: Studies show that inaccurate eye movements do not result in inaccurate reaches

false

What are features of reaching and grasping influenced by?

task goals and constraints

When the goal is to point to an object the segments of the arm move (together/separately from the hand)

together

When the goal is grasp an object the segments of the arm move (together/separately from the hand)

separately from the hand

Explain the acceleration time of pointing compared to a reach/grasp task

The acceleration time of point is faster because there's nothing to prepare for. Versus during a reach and grasp task, you slow down halfway through to prepare the body to complete the task

Explain the difference in time needed to complete a pointing task versus a reach/grasp task

Point took 85/100 units to finish the task and grasping took the 100/100 units to finish the task.

What are the 3 primary areas of the brain that help control reach and grasp

1. Primary motor and premotor cortex 2. Posterior parietal lobe 3. Cerebellum

Sensory systems are involved in reaching and grasping tasks. Perception and object recognition starts in the ____ cortex and moves to the _____ cortex.

visual/ temporal

Sensory systems are involved in reaching and grasping tasks. Localization starts in the ____ cortex and moves to the _____ love.

visual; parietal

(higher/lower) centers in the cortex make a movement plan for reaching and grasping objects

higher

Higher centers in the cortex make movement plans for reaching a grasping objects. Plans are sent to the ____ ____ and the _____ simultaneously

basal ganglia and cerebellum

In regards to the higher centers in the cortex making movement plans for reaching and grasping objects, why is information sent to the basal ganglia and cerebellum simultaneously

The basal ganglia is responsible for motor output so it will develop a plan and the cerebellum checks it and receives and updates the movement plan with sensory information

Perception of (unstable/stable) visual environment despite shifts in retinal input. The _____ cortex coordinates eye movements with other body parts

stable/ premotor

The (ventral/dorsal) stream pathway involves the visual to temporal cortex

ventral

The (ventral/dorsal) stream pathway involves the visual to parietal cortex

dorsal

Is the ventral or dorsal pathway conscious of visual perceptual experience and the identifying objects

ventral

Is the ventral or dorsal pathway involved with action relevant information for reaching and mediates sensorimotor transformations

dorsal

Which stream pathway can locate an object and knows what it is, but fails to name it

ventral

Which stream pathway can identify and name an object using hand movements and fine tuning without the use of vision

dorsal

The ____ stream is responsible for PERCEPTION of a task

ventral

The ____ stream is responsible for PLANNING of a task

dorsal

Is the ventral or dorsal stream easier to fool

ventral

What is highly responsible for the eye centered, body centered, and coordination transformations

posterior parietal cortex

What does the eye centered strategy need to know

the position of the object and the hand

What does the body centered strategy need to know

the position of the shoulder, the object, and the hand

What does the coordination transformation strategy need to know

Information from the parietal cortex so it can make calculations to move the current placement of the hand to the target placement

If there is a lesion in the posterior parietal lobe, what will an individual have difficulty with

1. Reaching in the right direction and positioning of fingers 2. Adjusting the grasp to the size of the object 3. Orientation of the hands in fingers like the lab in class 4. Scaling the maximum grip aperture

What are the 6 sensory integration that are coordinated in the posterior parietal cortex

``` visual auditory somatosensory eye movement head movement limb movements ```

What is the primary role of visual feedback

to improve accuracy

True or False Reaching with visual feedback is longer in duration because the duration of the grasp component increases

False, the grasping component does not change even though reaching with visual feedback takes longer

When reaching is occurring in the absence of visual cortex function, where is processing taking place at

The level of the retina and the lateral geniculate before it gets to the cortex

(Ipsilateral/contralateral) reaches are quicker and more accurate

ipsilateral

(Ipsilateral/contralateral) reaches are slower and less accurate

contralateral

True or False Ipsilateral reaches are quicker and more accurate and contralateral reaches are slower and less accurate in BOTH neurologically normal adults and those with neurological deficit

true

What is the role of muscle spindles when it comes to grasping tasks

position sense an muscle length

What is the role of cutaneous afferents

position sense and a drift with repeated motions

______ afferent input is needed for adaption of grasping objects

cutaneous

The ______ cortex is involved in appropriate responses to changes in afferent input when it comes to grasping tasks

somatosensory

(Feedback/feedforward) uses updated proprioceptive and visual body maps to allow reaching movemet

feedforward

What is the specific time frame on how often a visual body map must be updated in regards to the anticipatory control of reaching

there is none

Are visual body maps connected with motor systems or visual/somatosensory systems contributions to anticipatory control of reaching and grasping

visual and somatosensory

Which cortexes are involved in visual motor transformations or the move from sensory visual processing to the selection of a motor plan

parietal cortex and premotor cortex

Where is a motor program initiaed

in the motor cortex

True or False: Reach and grasp use the same descending pathways

false they use different pathways

The primary motor cortex and corticospinal tract controls (reach/grasp)

grasp

The midbrain and brainstem pathways are involved in (reach/grasp)

reach

Which pathway controls grasp

primary motor cortex and corticospinal tract

Which pathway controls reach

midbrain and brainstem

Precision and power are controlled (togeter/seperately)

seperately

The ______ helps control both grasp and release

cerebellum

The cerebellums helps control both grasp and ____

release

What is the name of the pathway that has red nucleus in the midbrain

rubrospinal pathway

The rubrospinal pathway deals with (reach/grasp)

reach

What is the name of the pathway that has reticular formation in the brainstem

reticulospinal pathway

The reticulospinal pathway deals with (reach/grasp)

reach

Reaching requires a stable ____ because the COM will move with a reach

BOS

Reaching requires a stable BOS because of the ____ will move with reach

COM

What are the three roles of the cerebellum in the postural support of reaching

1. Learning of anticipatory postural control 2. Adjustment to changes in posture 3. Timing of adjustment

True or False postural requirement of reaching vary according to the task

true

Prior _____ and task both play a role on hand shape for grasp

knowledge

Prior knowledge and task both play a role in hand _____ for grasp

shape

Prior knowledge and ___ both play a role in hand shape for grasp

task

What are the two requirements for successful grasp

1. Hand adapted to task conditions | 2. Finger movement times appropriately

Patterns of grasp vary according to what three things

location of the object size of the object shape of the object

What are the two classifications of grasp

power grasp | precision grasp

How are the finger and thumb pads oriented in a power grasp

toward the palm

What types of grasps will use a power grasp

hook grasp, spherical grasp, and cylindrical grasp

How are the finger and thumb pads oriented in a precision grasp

toward each other

Which grip allows for manipulation of objects within the hand or relative to the hand like carrying things

precision

When does grip form

during the transportation phase of reach (when your reaching for the object)

List the intrinsic and extrinsic/contextual properties of pre-grasping

intrinsic: size, shape, texture extrinsic: location, orientation, distance from the body

Do the intrinsic or extrinsic factors of pre-grasping stay the same from trial to trial

intrinsic

List the order of the lift phases in which they occur

1. contact between fingers and object 2. load and grip forces increases 3. object begins to move 4. Force decreases at the end of the lift

The ____ chooses parameters for grip and load force

CNS

The ____ organizes predictive responses for grip and lift tasks based on prior experiences

cerebellum