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Motor Control > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of plasticity

A

in reference to mechanisms related to neural modifiability

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2
Q

(short/long) term changes or plasticity, are changes in synaptic efficiency or strength of synaptic connections

A

short

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3
Q

(short/long) term changes are changes in the organization and numbers of synaptic connections

A

long

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4
Q

What is the term that defines the acquisition of knowledge or ability

A

learning

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5
Q

What is the definition of learning

A

the acquisition of knowledge or ability

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6
Q

What is the term that defines the outcome of learning (retention, storage, and retrieval of that memory)

A

memory

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7
Q

What is the definition of memory

A

The outcome of learning (retention, storage, and retrieval of that memory)

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8
Q

True or False:

Motor learning can occur in all parts of the brain

A

true

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9
Q

does motor learning and memory involve parallel or hierarchical processing

A

both

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10
Q

What is the underlying mechanisms or physiology behind motor learning and memory

A

It is the same for simple and complex circuits

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11
Q

Non declarative learning is also called ____ learning

A

implicit

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12
Q

What are two types of learning fall under the non-associative implicit learning category

A

habituation and sensitzation

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13
Q

What term is defined as decreased responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a non-painful stimulus

A

habituation

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14
Q

Habituation is a decreased responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a ______ stimulus

A

non-painful

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15
Q

What term is defined as increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimuli

A

sensitization

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16
Q

Sensitization is an increased responsiveness following a ____ or ____ stimuli

A

threatening; noxious

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17
Q

The principles of habituation and sensitization carry over into neuroplasticity. Explain the concept of habituation and neuroplasticity

A

Synapses that are not reinforced habituate. Overtime there is a decreased response to stimuli and can even be pruned

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18
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Over time, synapses that are not needed die depending on the type of exposure you have.

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19
Q

When is synaptic pruning at its greatest intensity

A

in the early years of life around the first 2-3 years

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20
Q

The principles of habituation and sensitization carry over into neuroplasticity. Explain the concept of sensitization and neuroplasticity

A

Synapses that are reinforced show increased sensitivity to stimulus so it won’t take as much stimulus to respond

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21
Q

When motor learning occurs, what about the neural pathways change?

A

The effectiveness of the pathways and new anatomic connections of pathways are made

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22
Q

Sensitization may prolong the action potential through changes in ____ movement: more transmitter released (greater/lesser) EPSP

A

K+; greater

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23
Q

Long-term sensitization results in a (increase/decrease) of connections

A

increase

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24
Q

Remember, classical conditioning is a part of associated learning and compares a ____ stimulus with a ____ stimulus

A

weak; strong

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25
Q

During sensitization, the ______ is critical

A

timing

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26
Q

What has to happen in order for facilitation of an AP during classical condition to occur? What does that action potential cause?

A

Facilitation occurs if the AP from the weak stimulus occurs just before the strong unconditioned stimulus. The AP causes Ca+ to move into presynaptic neuron which activates transmitters involved in conditioning

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27
Q

Remember that operant conditioning is a type of associative learning and involves ___ and ____

A

trial and error

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28
Q

What are the two types of associative learning?

A

classical and operant

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29
Q

If classical and operant condition is happening, then we know (habituation/sensitization) is also happening

A

sensitization

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30
Q

Cellular mechanisms in operant condition are (different/same) as classical conditioning and sensitization

A

the same

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31
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved with sensitatization?

A

amygdala, cerebellum/deep cerebellar nuclei, and lateral dorsal premotor area

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32
Q

What is the function of the amygdala

A

adapting to emotional responses like fear

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33
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum and deep cerebellar nuclei

A

movement condition

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34
Q

What is the function of the lateral dorsal premotor area

A

association of sensory event with a specific movement

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35
Q

Procedural learning is a type of ______ learning

A

non declarative or implicit

36
Q

What is procedural learning all about?

A

cognitive skills especially sequences and allowing a child to actively explore their environment

37
Q

When does procedural learning ONLY take place?

A

When a child is actively exploring their environment themselves

38
Q

What type of learning is seen with Go Baby Go and the harness system that allows a child to explore their surroundings without a parent’s help

A

procedural learning

39
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved with procedural learning

A

Frontal cortex, basal ganglia, parietal lobe, cerebellar structures***

40
Q

What is the major role of the cerebellum in procedural learning

A

It is the system that helps the body detect error

41
Q

What are the two types of input fibers coming into the cerebellum

A

Climbing and mossy fibers

42
Q

Which type of input fibers to the cerebellum signals error

A

climbing fibers

43
Q

Which type of input fibers to the cerebellum provides kinesthetic information about ongoing movement

A

mossy

44
Q

What is the output fibers of procedural learning called

A

purkinje fibers

45
Q

Declarative learning requires ______ processes

A

conscious

46
Q

What are the neural pathways that are involved in declarative learning

A

Frontal and prefrontal cortex, head of caudate, medial temporal lobes, hippocampus, and cerebellum

47
Q

During explicit learning, stimulation of ______ and _____ bring back memories of past events

A

hippocampus and temporal lobe

48
Q

What would happen to explicit learning if there was a lesion in the hippocampus or temporal lobes

A

That individual would not be able to lay down new declarative long-term memory

49
Q

Where does long-term potentiation occur at and why?

A

It occurs in the hippocampus because it is involved in establishing spatial maps

50
Q

When does the early phase of LTP happen

A

In the first 1-3 hours

51
Q

The early phase of LTP (Does/does not) require protein synthesis and involves (structural/functional) change

A

does not; functional

52
Q

When does the late phase of LTP happen

A

Lasts at least 24 hours

53
Q

The late phase of LTP (does/does not) require protein synthesis and involves (structural/functional) changes

A

does; structural

54
Q

When does a shift from implicit to explicit knowledge take place?

A

Once you understand what you are doing, the easier it is to modify performance. Example: When Dr. Jones had us type old mc donald letter by letter

55
Q

Output from the motor cortex changes when _____ knowledge transforms into _____ knowledge

A

implicit; explicit

56
Q

Which cortex may disrupt the ability to integrate explicit information into implicit movements if damage occurs there? (If there is damage in this cortex at the explicit level, there will be obvious damages in implicit movements)

A

The premotor cortex

57
Q

When does a shift from explicit to implicit memory occur?

A

They understand how a task or movement may work in their mind (explicit), but when they go to perform the task they cannot do it (implicit) which means it takes a lot of practice to shift from E to I

58
Q

What are some examples of shifting from explicit to implicit memory

A

Watching someone golf vs actually golfing yourself

Back seat drivers vs them actually driving

59
Q

Repeated practice of a motor skill leads to an improved _____ efficiency between the sensory and motor cortex

A

synaptic

60
Q

How is efficiency of the thalamic input to the motor facilitated?

A

With repeated practice

61
Q

Explain what the findings were about the cat study in the PowerPoints

A

The study showed that somatosensory cortex takes a place in learning, but once the learning is completed, that task in controlled by lower brain regions/subcortical regions

62
Q

Once a skill is acquired, it can shift to ______

A

automaticity

63
Q

True or False:

With aging, it takes more practice and more brain activity is needed to move to automaticity

A

true

64
Q

When is reacquisition of movement skills lost

A

injury

65
Q

True or False:

The brain is structurally static

A

false

66
Q

What are the two types of mechanisms of recovery

A

Restorative/direct and compensatory/indirect

67
Q

What are the two types of compensatory/indirect mechanisms of recovery of function

A

Function enabling and function disabling

68
Q

Which mechanism of recovery of function is defined as constraint induced movement therapy

A

function enabling

69
Q

Which mechanism of recovery of function is defined as phantom limb pain (sensory disabling plasticity)

A

function disabling

70
Q

Is neuroplasticity beneficial or detrimental?

A

It can be both. Enabling mechanism is beneficial and disabling mechanism is detrimental

71
Q

What is anterograde and retrograde degeneration

A

anterograde degeneration affects everything after is and retrograde degeneration affections everything before it

72
Q

What are two early transient events that depress brain function

A

edema and diaschsis

73
Q

Describe edema as it pertains to early transient events that depress brain function

A

It is one of the first reactions to injury. It is temporarily damaging neurons and axons but as edema subsides, the damaged axons recover

74
Q

Describe diaschisis as it pertains to early transient events that depress brain function

A

Loss of brain function that because of a loss of input from damage. May recover over time and recovery can be enhanced with amphetamines

75
Q

What are the four types of intracellular responses to injury

A

Denervation super sensitivity
Unmasking of silent synapses
Neural regeneration
Collateral sprouting

76
Q

Which intercellular response to injury can be described as neurons with a loss of input from another brain region become hyperactive to released transmitters

A

denervation super sensitivity

77
Q

Which intercellular response to injury can be described as synapses that were present but not active take over to allow for function

A

unmasking of silent synapses

78
Q

Which intercellular response to injury can be described as the injured axons sprout to reconnect short distances

A

neural regeneration/ regenerative synaptogenesis

79
Q

What is another name for neural regeneration

A

regenerative synaptogenesis

80
Q

What is another name for collateral sprouting

A

Reactive synaptogenesis

81
Q

Which intercellular response to injury can be described as neighboring axons sprout and form new connections

A

collateral sprouting

82
Q

Neurogenesis appears to be limited to the _____ but they do integrate into existing circuits

A

hippocampus

83
Q

Experimental use of ___ ___ is being done to see if the effects of injury can be reversed

A

stem cells

84
Q

Cortical representation of the body is continuously modified in response to what three things?

A

activity
behavior
skill acquisition

85
Q

Cortical reorganization occurs (before/after) a peripheral or CNS injury

A

after

86
Q

Describe remapping following peripheral lesions

A

neighboring maps expand their field to cover some of the denervated region.

Motor Control (11 decks)

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