Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Motor Control > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of plasticity

A

in reference to mechanisms related to neural modifiability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(short/long) term changes or plasticity, are changes in synaptic efficiency or strength of synaptic connections

A

short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(short/long) term changes are changes in the organization and numbers of synaptic connections

A

long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the term that defines the acquisition of knowledge or ability

A

learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the definition of learning

A

the acquisition of knowledge or ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the term that defines the outcome of learning (retention, storage, and retrieval of that memory)

A

memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the definition of memory

A

The outcome of learning (retention, storage, and retrieval of that memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or False:

Motor learning can occur in all parts of the brain

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

does motor learning and memory involve parallel or hierarchical processing

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the underlying mechanisms or physiology behind motor learning and memory

A

It is the same for simple and complex circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Non declarative learning is also called ____ learning

A

implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two types of learning fall under the non-associative implicit learning category

A

habituation and sensitzation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What term is defined as decreased responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a non-painful stimulus

A

habituation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Habituation is a decreased responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a ______ stimulus

A

non-painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What term is defined as increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimuli

A

sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensitization is an increased responsiveness following a ____ or ____ stimuli

A

threatening; noxious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The principles of habituation and sensitization carry over into neuroplasticity. Explain the concept of habituation and neuroplasticity

A

Synapses that are not reinforced habituate. Overtime there is a decreased response to stimuli and can even be pruned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Over time, synapses that are not needed die depending on the type of exposure you have.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is synaptic pruning at its greatest intensity

A

in the early years of life around the first 2-3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The principles of habituation and sensitization carry over into neuroplasticity. Explain the concept of sensitization and neuroplasticity

A

Synapses that are reinforced show increased sensitivity to stimulus so it won’t take as much stimulus to respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When motor learning occurs, what about the neural pathways change?

A

The effectiveness of the pathways and new anatomic connections of pathways are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sensitization may prolong the action potential through changes in ____ movement: more transmitter released (greater/lesser) EPSP

A

K+; greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Long-term sensitization results in a (increase/decrease) of connections

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Remember, classical conditioning is a part of associated learning and compares a ____ stimulus with a ____ stimulus

A

weak; strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
During sensitization, the ______ is critical
timing
26
What has to happen in order for facilitation of an AP during classical condition to occur? What does that action potential cause?
Facilitation occurs if the AP from the weak stimulus occurs just before the strong unconditioned stimulus. The AP causes Ca+ to move into presynaptic neuron which activates transmitters involved in conditioning
27
Remember that operant conditioning is a type of associative learning and involves ___ and ____
trial and error
28
What are the two types of associative learning?
classical and operant
29
If classical and operant condition is happening, then we know (habituation/sensitization) is also happening
sensitization
30
Cellular mechanisms in operant condition are (different/same) as classical conditioning and sensitization
the same
31
Which areas of the brain are involved with sensitatization?
amygdala, cerebellum/deep cerebellar nuclei, and lateral dorsal premotor area
32
What is the function of the amygdala
adapting to emotional responses like fear
33
What is the function of the cerebellum and deep cerebellar nuclei
movement condition
34
What is the function of the lateral dorsal premotor area
association of sensory event with a specific movement
35
Procedural learning is a type of ______ learning
non declarative or implicit
36
What is procedural learning all about?
cognitive skills especially sequences and allowing a child to actively explore their environment
37
When does procedural learning ONLY take place?
When a child is actively exploring their environment themselves
38
What type of learning is seen with Go Baby Go and the harness system that allows a child to explore their surroundings without a parent's help
procedural learning
39
Which areas of the brain are involved with procedural learning
Frontal cortex, basal ganglia, parietal lobe, cerebellar structures***
40
What is the major role of the cerebellum in procedural learning
It is the system that helps the body detect error
41
What are the two types of input fibers coming into the cerebellum
Climbing and mossy fibers
42
Which type of input fibers to the cerebellum signals error
climbing fibers
43
Which type of input fibers to the cerebellum provides kinesthetic information about ongoing movement
mossy
44
What is the output fibers of procedural learning called
purkinje fibers
45
Declarative learning requires ______ processes
conscious
46
What are the neural pathways that are involved in declarative learning
Frontal and prefrontal cortex, head of caudate, medial temporal lobes, hippocampus, and cerebellum
47
During explicit learning, stimulation of ______ and _____ bring back memories of past events
hippocampus and temporal lobe
48
What would happen to explicit learning if there was a lesion in the hippocampus or temporal lobes
That individual would not be able to lay down new declarative long-term memory
49
Where does long-term potentiation occur at and why?
It occurs in the hippocampus because it is involved in establishing spatial maps
50
When does the early phase of LTP happen
In the first 1-3 hours
51
The early phase of LTP (Does/does not) require protein synthesis and involves (structural/functional) change
does not; functional
52
When does the late phase of LTP happen
Lasts at least 24 hours
53
The late phase of LTP (does/does not) require protein synthesis and involves (structural/functional) changes
does; structural
54
When does a shift from implicit to explicit knowledge take place?
Once you understand what you are doing, the easier it is to modify performance. Example: When Dr. Jones had us type old mc donald letter by letter
55
Output from the motor cortex changes when _____ knowledge transforms into _____ knowledge
implicit; explicit
56
Which cortex may disrupt the ability to integrate explicit information into implicit movements if damage occurs there? (If there is damage in this cortex at the explicit level, there will be obvious damages in implicit movements)
The premotor cortex
57
When does a shift from explicit to implicit memory occur?
They understand how a task or movement may work in their mind (explicit), but when they go to perform the task they cannot do it (implicit) which means it takes a lot of practice to shift from E to I
58
What are some examples of shifting from explicit to implicit memory
Watching someone golf vs actually golfing yourself Back seat drivers vs them actually driving
59
Repeated practice of a motor skill leads to an improved _____ efficiency between the sensory and motor cortex
synaptic
60
How is efficiency of the thalamic input to the motor facilitated?
With repeated practice
61
Explain what the findings were about the cat study in the PowerPoints
The study showed that somatosensory cortex takes a place in learning, but once the learning is completed, that task in controlled by lower brain regions/subcortical regions
62
Once a skill is acquired, it can shift to ______
automaticity
63
True or False: With aging, it takes more practice and more brain activity is needed to move to automaticity
true
64
When is reacquisition of movement skills lost
injury
65
True or False: The brain is structurally static
false
66
What are the two types of mechanisms of recovery
Restorative/direct and compensatory/indirect
67
What are the two types of compensatory/indirect mechanisms of recovery of function
Function enabling and function disabling
68
Which mechanism of recovery of function is defined as constraint induced movement therapy
function enabling
69
Which mechanism of recovery of function is defined as phantom limb pain (sensory disabling plasticity)
function disabling
70
Is neuroplasticity beneficial or detrimental?
It can be both. Enabling mechanism is beneficial and disabling mechanism is detrimental
71
What is anterograde and retrograde degeneration
anterograde degeneration affects everything after is and retrograde degeneration affections everything before it
72
What are two early transient events that depress brain function
edema and diaschsis
73
Describe edema as it pertains to early transient events that depress brain function
It is one of the first reactions to injury. It is temporarily damaging neurons and axons but as edema subsides, the damaged axons recover
74
Describe diaschisis as it pertains to early transient events that depress brain function
Loss of brain function that because of a loss of input from damage. May recover over time and recovery can be enhanced with amphetamines
75
What are the four types of intracellular responses to injury
Denervation super sensitivity Unmasking of silent synapses Neural regeneration Collateral sprouting
76
Which intercellular response to injury can be described as neurons with a loss of input from another brain region become hyperactive to released transmitters
denervation super sensitivity
77
Which intercellular response to injury can be described as synapses that were present but not active take over to allow for function
unmasking of silent synapses
78
Which intercellular response to injury can be described as the injured axons sprout to reconnect short distances
neural regeneration/ regenerative synaptogenesis
79
What is another name for neural regeneration
regenerative synaptogenesis
80
What is another name for collateral sprouting
Reactive synaptogenesis
81
Which intercellular response to injury can be described as neighboring axons sprout and form new connections
collateral sprouting
82
Neurogenesis appears to be limited to the _____ but they do integrate into existing circuits
hippocampus
83
Experimental use of ___ ___ is being done to see if the effects of injury can be reversed
stem cells
84
Cortical representation of the body is continuously modified in response to what three things?
activity behavior skill acquisition
85
Cortical reorganization occurs (before/after) a peripheral or CNS injury
after
86
Describe remapping following peripheral lesions
neighboring maps expand their field to cover some of the denervated region.

Motor Control (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions