Exam 6: Chapter 12 Part 2

Question 1

Adaptation is a requirement for successful locomotion. Sensory feedback control is called equilibrium. What are the two types of equilibrium

Answer 1

reactive and proactive

Question 2

Which sensory systems contribute to reactive/feedback control of gait

Answer 2

somatosensory
vision
vestibular

Question 3

Do deafferented cats still step?

Answer 3

yes but they are unrefined

Question 4

Do deafferent cats benefit from the fine tuning provided by somatosensory input or higher brain influences

Answer 4

no

Question 5

Do deafferented cats have a shorter or longer step cycle. Explain why?

Answer 5

They have a longer step cycle because they need sensation to trigger steps. They can still step, but without somatosensory information it takes longer

Question 6

Is somatosensory systems a top down or bottom up organization?

Answer 6

bottom up

Question 7

Cutaneous sensation of the somatosensory system has a significant influence of the _____ and allows for recovery when the paw hits an obstacle at the _______ somatosensory pathway

Answer 7

CPG; ascending

Question 8

Cutaneous input and stretch reflexes appear to be (less/more) influential than load reflexes

Answer 8

more

Question 9

In swing, cutaneous stimulation to the foot the ___ produces rapid dorsiflexion to clear the object

Answer 9

TA

Question 10

In late swing/early stance stimulation produces early the ___ is inhibited to allow for weight support as the leg loads into weight bearing

Answer 10

TA

Question 11

Cutaneous sensation of the somatosensory system appears to be modulated by the ____

Answer 11

cortex

Question 12

Describe how cutaneous sensation influences interlimb coordination

Answer 12

stimulation applied to one limb influences phases dependent responses in all four limbs, not just the one being stimulated

Question 13

Visual cues influence the alignment of the body to ____ and the ____

Answer 13

gravity and environment

Question 14

In regards to reactive balance control in gait and the visual system, is the central or peripheral vision used?

Answer 14

Both

Question 15

In regards to reactive balance control in gait and the visual system, is the dorsal or ventral stream used

Answer 15

both

Question 16

In regards to reactive balance control in gait and the visual system, the larger the sample the (less/more) visual sampling is done

Answer 16

more

Question 17

Is the vestibular system top down or bottom up

Answer 17

top down

Question 18

Stabilization of the ___ is accomplished through co-varying forward rotation (pitch) and vertical displacement of the head for stability in the _____ plane

Answer 18

head; sagittal

Question 19

Stabilizing ____ during head movement is accomplished through the ______ reflex. The eyes move opposite to the head to maintain a forward gaze

Answer 19

gaze; vestibulo-occular

Question 20

List the 5 attentional demands in order from least challenging to most challenging of postural control

Answer 20

sitting to standing
standing in tandem romberg position
walking
obstacle avoidance while walking
recovery from external perturbations

Question 21

True or False:

Auditory task does not diminish gait as a dual task

Answer 21

true

Question 22

Describe the results of the walk to run transition study when patients are given s cognitive task

Answer 22

The shift to run occurs at a higher speed so the treadmill has to be at a higher speed before the patient starts to run when given a cognitive task

Question 23

What are the three basic requirements of stair-walking

Answer 23

progression
stability
adaptation

Question 24

In general, stair walking is ___% in stance and ___% in swing

Answer 24

64; 36

Question 25

What are the three phases of stance in stair walking ascent

Answer 25

weight acceptance pull up forward continuance

Question 26

What are the two phases of swing in stair walking ascent

Answer 26

foot clearance | foot placement

Question 27

(Eccentric/concentric) forces of the vastus medialis and soleus occur during stance in stair walking ascent, but knee (flexion/extension) makes the quad work twice as hard as it done is walking

Answer 27

concentric; extension

Question 28

Which muscles are working hard during stance phase of ascending stair walking

Answer 28

concentric vastus medialis and solues | quad

Question 29

What muscles are working during foot clearance of the swing phase of ascending stair walking

Answer 29

anterior tibialis and hamstring

Question 30

What muscles are working during foot placement of the swing phase of ascending stair walking

Answer 30

hip extensors and ankle DF

Question 31

What are the three phases of stance during descending stair walking

Answer 31

weight acceptance forward continuance controlled lowering

Question 32

(Eccentric/concentric) contractions occur during descending stair walking

Answer 32

eccentric

Question 33

which muscles are working during weight acceptance of descending stair walking

Answer 33

gastroc, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and the quad which activates before it hits the stairs

Question 34

Which muscle are working during controlled lowering

Answer 34

The quad and soleus

Question 35

Which phase swing during descending stair walking is the quad working the most

Answer 35

during preparation for foot placement because as the back knee bends, it is moving farther away from the GRF

Question 36

In regards to stair walking, what are the two adapting patterns to changes in sensory cues

Answer 36

visual cues and foot clearance and placement

Question 37

In regards to stair walking, without visual cues anticipatory activity is (increased/decreased)

Answer 37

Decreased

Question 38

In regards to stair walking, foot clearance and placement is critical for ____

Answer 38

safety

Question 39

In regards to mobility other than gait, having motion in desired direction is equal to the ____ requirement

Answer 39

progression

Question 40

In regards to mobility other than gait, postural control to maintain COM over BOS is equal to the _____ requirement

Answer 40

stability

Question 41

In regards to mobility other than gait, the ability to adapt to changing task and environmental conditions is equal to the ____ requirement

Answer 41

adaptation

Question 42

In regards to transfer mobility, what are the three requirements

Answer 42

biomechanics, perceptual strategies and strategy modifications

Question 43

Describe the essential characteristic progression of sitting to standing

Answer 43

must generate sufficient joint torque needed to rise

Question 44

Describe the essential characteristic of stability of sitting to standing

Answer 44

ensure stability by moving the COM from one BOS to a BOS defined solely by the feet

Question 45

What are the four phases of sitting to standing movement

Answer 45

1. weight shift or momentum 2. transfer of momentum 3. lift or extension 4. stabilization

Question 46

Which muscles are involved in the weight shift or momentum phase of sitting to standing movement

Answer 46

erector spinae

Question 47

Which muscles are involved in the transfer of momentum of sitting to standing movement

Answer 47

rectus femoris and vastus medialis

Question 48

Which muscles are involved in the lift or extension phase of sitting to standing movement

Answer 48

biceps femoris and gluteus maximus

Question 49

Which muscles are involved in the stabilization phase of sitting to standing movement

Answer 49

rectus abdominis

Question 50

What are the three common sit to stand strategies

Answer 50

momentum transfer strategies zero momentum strategy use of arm rests

Question 51

What type of patient's should use a momentum strategy

Answer 51

A patient with strength, coordination and good balance

Question 52

What are the eccentric and concentric contractions that need to occur during a momentum transfer strategy

Answer 52

Eccentric: trunk and hip to brake the horizontal trajectory of COM Concentric: hip and knee to generate vertical propulsive forces to lift the body

Question 53

What types of patient's should use the zero momentum strategy

Answer 53

Patients with poor postural control, poor balance, ataxia, or on an unstable surface

Question 54

The zero momentum strategy uses maximum trunk ____ and larger ____ muscle force to lift

Answer 54

flexion; LE

Question 55

Which of the three sit to stand strategies are the easiest

Answer 55

use of arm rests

Question 56

which type of rolling strategy involves lifting and reaching above shoulder level

Answer 56

arm patterm

Question 57

which type of rolling strategy has the shoulder girdle leading the movement

Answer 57

head and trunk pattern

Question 58

Which type of rolling strategy involves a unilateral lift

Answer 58

leg pattern

Question 59

Older patients are most likely to use the ____ rolling strategy

Answer 59

leg