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Motor Control > Exam 6: Chapter 12 Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 6: Chapter 12 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation is a requirement for successful locomotion. Sensory feedback control is called equilibrium. What are the two types of equilibrium

A

reactive and proactive

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2
Q

Which sensory systems contribute to reactive/feedback control of gait

A

somatosensory
vision
vestibular

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3
Q

Do deafferented cats still step?

A

yes but they are unrefined

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4
Q

Do deafferent cats benefit from the fine tuning provided by somatosensory input or higher brain influences

A

no

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5
Q

Do deafferented cats have a shorter or longer step cycle. Explain why?

A

They have a longer step cycle because they need sensation to trigger steps. They can still step, but without somatosensory information it takes longer

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6
Q

Is somatosensory systems a top down or bottom up organization?

A

bottom up

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7
Q

Cutaneous sensation of the somatosensory system has a significant influence of the _____ and allows for recovery when the paw hits an obstacle at the _______ somatosensory pathway

A

CPG; ascending

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8
Q

Cutaneous input and stretch reflexes appear to be (less/more) influential than load reflexes

A

more

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9
Q

In swing, cutaneous stimulation to the foot the ___ produces rapid dorsiflexion to clear the object

A

TA

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10
Q

In late swing/early stance stimulation produces early the ___ is inhibited to allow for weight support as the leg loads into weight bearing

A

TA

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11
Q

Cutaneous sensation of the somatosensory system appears to be modulated by the ____

A

cortex

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12
Q

Describe how cutaneous sensation influences interlimb coordination

A

stimulation applied to one limb influences phases dependent responses in all four limbs, not just the one being stimulated

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13
Q

Visual cues influence the alignment of the body to ____ and the ____

A

gravity and environment

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14
Q

In regards to reactive balance control in gait and the visual system, is the central or peripheral vision used?

A

Both

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15
Q

In regards to reactive balance control in gait and the visual system, is the dorsal or ventral stream used

A

both

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16
Q

In regards to reactive balance control in gait and the visual system, the larger the sample the (less/more) visual sampling is done

A

more

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17
Q

Is the vestibular system top down or bottom up

A

top down

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18
Q

Stabilization of the ___ is accomplished through co-varying forward rotation (pitch) and vertical displacement of the head for stability in the _____ plane

A

head; sagittal

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19
Q

Stabilizing ____ during head movement is accomplished through the ______ reflex. The eyes move opposite to the head to maintain a forward gaze

A

gaze; vestibulo-occular

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20
Q

List the 5 attentional demands in order from least challenging to most challenging of postural control

A 
sitting to standing
standing in tandem romberg position
walking
obstacle avoidance while walking
recovery from external perturbations
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21
Q

True or False:

Auditory task does not diminish gait as a dual task

A

true

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22
Q

Describe the results of the walk to run transition study when patients are given s cognitive task

A

The shift to run occurs at a higher speed so the treadmill has to be at a higher speed before the patient starts to run when given a cognitive task

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23
Q

What are the three basic requirements of stair-walking

A

progression
stability
adaptation

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24
Q

In general, stair walking is ___% in stance and ___% in swing

A

64; 36

25
Q

What are the three phases of stance in stair walking ascent

A

weight acceptance
pull up
forward continuance

26
Q

What are the two phases of swing in stair walking ascent

A

foot clearance

foot placement

27
Q

(Eccentric/concentric) forces of the vastus medialis and soleus occur during stance in stair walking ascent, but knee (flexion/extension) makes the quad work twice as hard as it done is walking

A

concentric; extension

28
Q

Which muscles are working hard during stance phase of ascending stair walking

A

concentric vastus medialis and solues

quad

29
Q

What muscles are working during foot clearance of the swing phase of ascending stair walking

A

anterior tibialis and hamstring

30
Q

What muscles are working during foot placement of the swing phase of ascending stair walking

A

hip extensors and ankle DF

31
Q

What are the three phases of stance during descending stair walking

A

weight acceptance
forward continuance
controlled lowering

32
Q

(Eccentric/concentric) contractions occur during descending stair walking

A

eccentric

33
Q

which muscles are working during weight acceptance of descending stair walking

A

gastroc, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and the quad which activates before it hits the stairs

34
Q

Which muscle are working during controlled lowering

A

The quad and soleus

35
Q

Which phase swing during descending stair walking is the quad working the most

A

during preparation for foot placement because as the back knee bends, it is moving farther away from the GRF

36
Q

In regards to stair walking, what are the two adapting patterns to changes in sensory cues

A

visual cues and foot clearance and placement

37
Q

In regards to stair walking, without visual cues anticipatory activity is (increased/decreased)

A

Decreased

38
Q

In regards to stair walking, foot clearance and placement is critical for ____

A

safety

39
Q

In regards to mobility other than gait, having motion in desired direction is equal to the ____ requirement

A

progression

40
Q

In regards to mobility other than gait, postural control to maintain COM over BOS is equal to the _____ requirement

A

stability

41
Q

In regards to mobility other than gait, the ability to adapt to changing task and environmental conditions is equal to the ____ requirement

A

adaptation

42
Q

In regards to transfer mobility, what are the three requirements

A

biomechanics, perceptual strategies and strategy modifications

43
Q

Describe the essential characteristic progression of sitting to standing

A

must generate sufficient joint torque needed to rise

44
Q

Describe the essential characteristic of stability of sitting to standing

A

ensure stability by moving the COM from one BOS to a BOS defined solely by the feet

45
Q

What are the four phases of sitting to standing movement

A
  1. weight shift or momentum
  2. transfer of momentum
  3. lift or extension
  4. stabilization
46
Q

Which muscles are involved in the weight shift or momentum phase of sitting to standing movement

A

erector spinae

47
Q

Which muscles are involved in the transfer of momentum of sitting to standing movement

A

rectus femoris and vastus medialis

48
Q

Which muscles are involved in the lift or extension phase of sitting to standing movement

A

biceps femoris and gluteus maximus

49
Q

Which muscles are involved in the stabilization phase of sitting to standing movement

A

rectus abdominis

50
Q

What are the three common sit to stand strategies

A

momentum transfer strategies
zero momentum strategy
use of arm rests

51
Q

What type of patient’s should use a momentum strategy

A

A patient with strength, coordination and good balance

52
Q

What are the eccentric and concentric contractions that need to occur during a momentum transfer strategy

A

Eccentric: trunk and hip to brake the horizontal trajectory of COM

Concentric: hip and knee to generate vertical propulsive forces to lift the body

53
Q

What types of patient’s should use the zero momentum strategy

A

Patients with poor postural control, poor balance, ataxia, or on an unstable surface

54
Q

The zero momentum strategy uses maximum trunk ____ and larger ____ muscle force to lift

A

flexion; LE

55
Q

Which of the three sit to stand strategies are the easiest

A

use of arm rests

56
Q

which type of rolling strategy involves lifting and reaching above shoulder level

A

arm patterm

57
Q

which type of rolling strategy has the shoulder girdle leading the movement

A

head and trunk pattern

58
Q

Which type of rolling strategy involves a unilateral lift

A

leg pattern

59
Q

Older patients are most likely to use the ____ rolling strategy

A

leg

Motor Control (11 decks)

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