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Motor Control > Exam 5: Parts 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Exam 5: Parts 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of subcortical impairments that can occur if the cerebellum is damaged

A

Hypotonia, impaired coordination, intention tremor, impaired error correction

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2
Q

A patient with hypotonia has (high/low) muscle tone

A

low, but it is not flaccid

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3
Q

What is the term that is defined has having decreased stiffness or resistance to passive stretch

A

hyptonia

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4
Q

Functional coordination requires interaction between what 5 things?

A

Joint position, muscle activation, sequencing, timing of movement, and grading of movment

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5
Q

Joint position, muscle activation, sequencing, timing of movement, and grading of movement all interact together to produce _____ _______

A

functional coordination

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6
Q

If the cerebellum is damaged, explain why it makes sense that coordination would be impaired

A

The cerebellum is the error detector so if it is damaged, there will be a lack of proprioception. The mossy and climbing fibers are also affected so a patient doesn’t know where their limbs are in space

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7
Q

What does grading of movement need

A

The ability to know how to hold, grasp, or handle objects. For example, impaired grading of movement looks like a patient holding a paper cup, but squeezing it when they hold it because they don’t have control of their grading of movement

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8
Q

What type of impairments arise when coordination is affected

A

slow reaction time, difficulty terminating movement, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, impaired timing/decomposition

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9
Q

What does dysmetria mean

A

impaired judgment of the distance or range of movement

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10
Q

What are the two types of dysmetria

A

hypometria and hypermetria

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11
Q

What term is used to define impaired judgment of the distance or range of movement

A

dysmetria

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12
Q

_____ is the underestimation of force required -> inadequate ROM

A

hypometria

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13
Q

____ is the overestimation of force required -> excessive ROM

A

hypermetria

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14
Q

What does dysdiadochokinesia mean

A

inability to sustain rhythmical movement

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15
Q

The video of the lady trying to supinate and pronate at the same time is an example of _______

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

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16
Q

What is another word for impaired timing

A

decomposition

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17
Q

What is the term used to describe an individual that cannot move multiple joints at a time

A

decomposition

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18
Q

A ____ is a rhythmic, involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part

A

tremor

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19
Q

Explain what an intention tremor is

A

Tremors that occur during voluntary movement and are not present during rest

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20
Q

Do intention rumors usually worsen at the beginning or end of the motion

A

the end

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21
Q

What is a resting tremor

A

tremors that occur in an individual while they are at rest

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22
Q

Explain how the cerebellum normally acts as a comparator if no damage is present

A

The cerebellum compares internal feedback signals with external feedback signals.

If the internal and external signals are different, the cerebellum sends corrective signals or feedforward to change/fix the problem

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23
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia

A

To provide motor output

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24
Q

What types of pathologies can occur in the basal ganglia is there are subcortical impairments

A

cognitive/behavioral changes
hypokinetic disorders
hyperkinetic disorders

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25
Q

Which circuits of the basal ganglia are affected in parkinson disease and tourette syndrome

A

motor circuit

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26
Q

Impairment of the motor circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with which disorders

A

parkinson disease and tourtette syndrome

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27
Q

Impairment of the oculomotor circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with which disorders

A

Huntington’s disease and Parkinson disease

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28
Q

Impairment of the prefrontal circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with which disorders

A

possibly Tourettes

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29
Q

Impairment of the limbic circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with disorders

A

Tourettes and obsessive compulsive disorder

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30
Q

Subcortical impairments of the basal ganglia can lead to cognitive and behavioral changes. What are the specific pathologies behind these changes

A

Cognitive impairments, behavioral changes, and deficits with motor output

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31
Q

Dementia and short term memory loss are examples of ______ impairments in regards to subcortical impairments of the basal ganglia

A

cognitive

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32
Q

Depression, anxiety, hallucinations, and psychosis are examples of ____ changes in regards to subcortical impairments of the basal ganglia

A

behavioral

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33
Q

Motor and and occulomotor deficits are examples of _____ output impairments of the basal ganglia

A

motor

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34
Q

What is the most common type of hypokinetic disorder

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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35
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a type of (hypokinetic/hyperkinetic) disorder

A

hypokinetic

36
Q

Akinesia, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, rigidity, and resting tremors are all characters found in _____ ____-

A

Parkinson’s disease

37
Q

What are 5 characteristics commonly found in Parkinson’s disease

A

akinesia, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor

38
Q

____ is a decreased ability to initiate spontaneous movement

A

akinesia

39
Q

_____ is slowed movement time

A

bradykinesia

40
Q

_____ is a decreased amplitude of movement

A

hypokinesia

41
Q

_____ is an increased resistance to stretch most commonly in the flexor musculature and is velocity independent

A

rigidity

42
Q

Rigidity is most commonly seen in the ____ musculature

A

flexor

43
Q

What is the postured of most Parkinson’s disease patients

A

stooped and flexed posture

44
Q

(fast/slow) movements are difficult for PD patients

A

fast

45
Q

____ ____ is not associated with voluntary movement of the body part

A

resting tremor

46
Q

What is used as a treatment intervention for Parkinson’s disease and what is the goal of that specific treatment

A

BIG treatment. It has patients exaggerate their movements since they tend to move in small motions, in hopes to re-wire the brain until they get back to normal range of movements

47
Q

Basal ganglia diseases are associated with a lack of which neurotransmitter

A

dopamine

48
Q

What is another term of a resting tremor

A

pill rolling

49
Q

Intention tremors are associated with (cerebellar/basal ganglia) lesions

A

cerebellar

50
Q

Resting tremors are associated with (cerebellar/basal ganglia) lesions

A

basal ganglia as in PD

51
Q

What are two types of hyperkinetic disorders

A

Hemiballismus and Huntington’s disease

52
Q

Hemiballismus and Huntington’s disease are a type of _______ disorders

A

hyperkinetic

53
Q

What is hemiballismus

A

a very rare condition involving uncontrolled movements of the limbs, typically on one side of the body

54
Q

What are a few examples of the signs a patient would experience if they had a hyperkinetic disorder

A

excessive, involuntary movements, hypotonia, athetosis, and dystonia

55
Q

_____ movements are involuntary, rapid, and uncoordinated movements typically of the limbs

A

Choreiform

56
Q

_____ movements can be a side effect of the medication used to treat PD

A

Choreiform

57
Q

_____ movements: slow involuntary movement that is more of a “writhing” or “twisting” motion. Typically involves the upper extremities but you can see it in the neck and face.

A

Athetoid

58
Q

Athetoid movements are typically involved with the (upper/lower) extremities, but you can see it in the neck and face

A

upper

59
Q

Hemiballismus and Huntington’s disease are associated with (cerebellar/basal ganglia) impairments

A

basal ganglia

60
Q

Dystonia is associated with (cerebellar/basal ganglia) impairments

A

basal ganglia

61
Q

True or False:

Dystonia is curable through medication

A

false, it is not curable

62
Q

_____ involves sustained muscle contractions that typically produce twisting and repetitive abnormal posturing

A

dystonia

63
Q

____ is often seen as co-contraction of the agonist and the antagonist

A

dystonia

64
Q

What are the two categories of dystonia

A

primary and secondary

65
Q

What are the different types of dystonia

A

focal, segmental, hemidystonia, multifocal

66
Q

Which type of dystonia is in one region

A

focal

67
Q

Where is focal dystonia typically located?

A

In the sternocleidomastoid, neck area

68
Q

Which type of dystonia occurs in two adjoining areas

A

segmental

69
Q

Which type of dystonia occurs on one side of the body

A

hemidystonia

70
Q

Which type of dystonia is located on two or more body parts (does not have to adjoining parts)

A

multifocal

71
Q

True or False:

Some musculoskeletal impairments can be reduced if preventative intervention is initiated early

A

True

72
Q

Give a few examples of common musculoskeletal impairments

A

Joint stiffness, contracture, degenerative joint disease, osteoporosis, pain

73
Q

Spasticity combined with paresis = ______

A

immobilization

74
Q

____ combined with paresis = immobilization

A

spasticity

75
Q

spasticity combines with _____ = immobilzation

A

paresis

76
Q

Immobilization can lead to joint stiffness which is caused by what?

A

a change in the extracellular matrix

77
Q

True or False:

Immobilization can cause bony remodeling typically around articular surfaces and joint alignment

A

true

78
Q

what is bony alignment

A

When the growth plate is highly susceptible to external forces, the figure of the joint can change. Femoral anteversion is an example of this

79
Q

(increased/decreased) weight bearing –> ((increased/decreased) bone mineralization –> osteoporosis

A

decreased; decreased

80
Q

True or False:

Changes in muscle fiber type distribution- a shift from type I to type II and vice versa is seen

A

true

81
Q

Typically, a shift from type II fibers to type I is due to _____

A

immobilization

82
Q

Changes in muscle length are typically due to a loss of what

A

in series of sarcomeres

83
Q

True or False:

Sarcomere production is triggered by high low, fast-short stretch of muscle

A

False, low load-long slow stretch

84
Q

Teenagers complaining of “growing pains” because their bones are actually growing faster than their muscles will trigger _____ _____

A

sarcomere production

85
Q

_____ heavily influences the likelihood of contracture developement

A

positioning

Motor Control (11 decks)

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