Exam 5: Parts 3 and 4

Question 1

What are the four types of subcortical impairments that can occur if the cerebellum is damaged

Answer 1

Hypotonia, impaired coordination, intention tremor, impaired error correction

Question 2

A patient with hypotonia has (high/low) muscle tone

Answer 2

low, but it is not flaccid

Question 3

What is the term that is defined has having decreased stiffness or resistance to passive stretch

Answer 3

hyptonia

Question 4

Functional coordination requires interaction between what 5 things?

Answer 4

Joint position, muscle activation, sequencing, timing of movement, and grading of movment

Question 5

Joint position, muscle activation, sequencing, timing of movement, and grading of movement all interact together to produce _____ _______

Answer 5

functional coordination

Question 6

If the cerebellum is damaged, explain why it makes sense that coordination would be impaired

Answer 6

The cerebellum is the error detector so if it is damaged, there will be a lack of proprioception. The mossy and climbing fibers are also affected so a patient doesn’t know where their limbs are in space

Question 7

What does grading of movement need

Answer 7

The ability to know how to hold, grasp, or handle objects. For example, impaired grading of movement looks like a patient holding a paper cup, but squeezing it when they hold it because they don’t have control of their grading of movement

Question 8

What type of impairments arise when coordination is affected

Answer 8

slow reaction time, difficulty terminating movement, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, impaired timing/decomposition

Question 9

What does dysmetria mean

Answer 9

impaired judgment of the distance or range of movement

Question 10

What are the two types of dysmetria

Answer 10

hypometria and hypermetria

Question 11

What term is used to define impaired judgment of the distance or range of movement

Answer 11

dysmetria

Question 12

_____ is the underestimation of force required -> inadequate ROM

Answer 12

hypometria

Question 13

____ is the overestimation of force required -> excessive ROM

Answer 13

hypermetria

Question 14

What does dysdiadochokinesia mean

Answer 14

inability to sustain rhythmical movement

Question 15

The video of the lady trying to supinate and pronate at the same time is an example of _______

Answer 15

Dysdiadochokinesia

Question 16

What is another word for impaired timing

Answer 16

decomposition

Question 17

What is the term used to describe an individual that cannot move multiple joints at a time

Answer 17

decomposition

Question 18

A ____ is a rhythmic, involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part

Answer 18

tremor

Question 19

Explain what an intention tremor is

Answer 19

Tremors that occur during voluntary movement and are not present during rest

Question 20

Do intention rumors usually worsen at the beginning or end of the motion

Answer 20

the end

Question 21

What is a resting tremor

Answer 21

tremors that occur in an individual while they are at rest

Question 22

Explain how the cerebellum normally acts as a comparator if no damage is present

Answer 22

The cerebellum compares internal feedback signals with external feedback signals.

If the internal and external signals are different, the cerebellum sends corrective signals or feedforward to change/fix the problem

Question 23

What is the main function of the basal ganglia

Answer 23

To provide motor output

Question 24

What types of pathologies can occur in the basal ganglia is there are subcortical impairments

Answer 24

cognitive/behavioral changes
hypokinetic disorders
hyperkinetic disorders

Question 25

Which circuits of the basal ganglia are affected in parkinson disease and tourette syndrome

Answer 25

motor circuit

Question 26

Impairment of the motor circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with which disorders

Answer 26

parkinson disease and tourtette syndrome

Question 27

Impairment of the oculomotor circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with which disorders

Answer 27

Huntington's disease and Parkinson disease

Question 28

Impairment of the prefrontal circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with which disorders

Answer 28

possibly Tourettes

Question 29

Impairment of the limbic circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with disorders

Answer 29

Tourettes and obsessive compulsive disorder

Question 30

Subcortical impairments of the basal ganglia can lead to cognitive and behavioral changes. What are the specific pathologies behind these changes

Answer 30

Cognitive impairments, behavioral changes, and deficits with motor output

Question 31

Dementia and short term memory loss are examples of ______ impairments in regards to subcortical impairments of the basal ganglia

Answer 31

cognitive

Question 32

Depression, anxiety, hallucinations, and psychosis are examples of ____ changes in regards to subcortical impairments of the basal ganglia

Answer 32

behavioral

Question 33

Motor and and occulomotor deficits are examples of _____ output impairments of the basal ganglia

Answer 33

motor

Question 34

What is the most common type of hypokinetic disorder

Answer 34

Parkinson's Disease

Question 35

Parkinson's disease is a type of (hypokinetic/hyperkinetic) disorder

Answer 35

hypokinetic

Question 36

Akinesia, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, rigidity, and resting tremors are all characters found in _____ ____-

Answer 36

Parkinson's disease

Question 37

What are 5 characteristics commonly found in Parkinson's disease

Answer 37

akinesia, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor

Question 38

____ is a decreased ability to initiate spontaneous movement

Answer 38

akinesia

Question 39

_____ is slowed movement time

Answer 39

bradykinesia

Question 40

_____ is a decreased amplitude of movement

Answer 40

hypokinesia

Question 41

_____ is an increased resistance to stretch most commonly in the flexor musculature and is velocity independent

Answer 41

rigidity

Question 42

Rigidity is most commonly seen in the ____ musculature

Answer 42

flexor

Question 43

What is the postured of most Parkinson's disease patients

Answer 43

stooped and flexed posture

Question 44

(fast/slow) movements are difficult for PD patients

Answer 44

fast

Question 45

____ ____ is not associated with voluntary movement of the body part

Answer 45

resting tremor

Question 46

What is used as a treatment intervention for Parkinson's disease and what is the goal of that specific treatment

Answer 46

BIG treatment. It has patients exaggerate their movements since they tend to move in small motions, in hopes to re-wire the brain until they get back to normal range of movements

Question 47

Basal ganglia diseases are associated with a lack of which neurotransmitter

Answer 47

dopamine

Question 48

What is another term of a resting tremor

Answer 48

pill rolling

Question 49

Intention tremors are associated with (cerebellar/basal ganglia) lesions

Answer 49

cerebellar

Question 50

Resting tremors are associated with (cerebellar/basal ganglia) lesions

Answer 50

basal ganglia as in PD

Question 51

What are two types of hyperkinetic disorders

Answer 51

Hemiballismus and Huntington's disease

Question 52

Hemiballismus and Huntington's disease are a type of _______ disorders

Answer 52

hyperkinetic

Question 53

What is hemiballismus

Answer 53

a very rare condition involving uncontrolled movements of the limbs, typically on one side of the body

Question 54

What are a few examples of the signs a patient would experience if they had a hyperkinetic disorder

Answer 54

excessive, involuntary movements, hypotonia, athetosis, and dystonia

Question 55

_____ movements are involuntary, rapid, and uncoordinated movements typically of the limbs

Answer 55

Choreiform

Question 56

_____ movements can be a side effect of the medication used to treat PD

Answer 56

Choreiform

Question 57

_____ movements: slow involuntary movement that is more of a "writhing" or "twisting" motion. Typically involves the upper extremities but you can see it in the neck and face.

Answer 57

Athetoid

Question 58

Athetoid movements are typically involved with the (upper/lower) extremities, but you can see it in the neck and face

Answer 58

upper

Question 59

Hemiballismus and Huntington's disease are associated with (cerebellar/basal ganglia) impairments

Answer 59

basal ganglia

Question 60

Dystonia is associated with (cerebellar/basal ganglia) impairments

Answer 60

basal ganglia

Question 61

True or False: Dystonia is curable through medication

Answer 61

false, it is not curable

Question 62

_____ involves sustained muscle contractions that typically produce twisting and repetitive abnormal posturing

Answer 62

dystonia

Question 63

____ is often seen as co-contraction of the agonist and the antagonist

Answer 63

dystonia

Question 64

What are the two categories of dystonia

Answer 64

primary and secondary

Question 65

What are the different types of dystonia

Answer 65

focal, segmental, hemidystonia, multifocal

Question 66

Which type of dystonia is in one region

Answer 66

focal

Question 67

Where is focal dystonia typically located?

Answer 67

In the sternocleidomastoid, neck area

Question 68

Which type of dystonia occurs in two adjoining areas

Answer 68

segmental

Question 69

Which type of dystonia occurs on one side of the body

Answer 69

hemidystonia

Question 70

Which type of dystonia is located on two or more body parts (does not have to adjoining parts)

Answer 70

multifocal

Question 71

True or False: Some musculoskeletal impairments can be reduced if preventative intervention is initiated early

Answer 71

True

Question 72

Give a few examples of common musculoskeletal impairments

Answer 72

Joint stiffness, contracture, degenerative joint disease, osteoporosis, pain

Question 73

Spasticity combined with paresis = ______

Answer 73

immobilization

Question 74

____ combined with paresis = immobilization

Answer 74

spasticity

Question 75

spasticity combines with _____ = immobilzation

Answer 75

paresis

Question 76

Immobilization can lead to joint stiffness which is caused by what?

Answer 76

a change in the extracellular matrix

Question 77

True or False: Immobilization can cause bony remodeling typically around articular surfaces and joint alignment

Answer 77

true

Question 78

what is bony alignment

Answer 78

When the growth plate is highly susceptible to external forces, the figure of the joint can change. Femoral anteversion is an example of this

Question 79

(increased/decreased) weight bearing --> ((increased/decreased) bone mineralization --> osteoporosis

Answer 79

decreased; decreased

Question 80

True or False: Changes in muscle fiber type distribution- a shift from type I to type II and vice versa is seen

Answer 80

true

Question 81

Typically, a shift from type II fibers to type I is due to _____

Answer 81

immobilization

Question 82

Changes in muscle length are typically due to a loss of what

Answer 82

in series of sarcomeres

Question 83

True or False: Sarcomere production is triggered by high low, fast-short stretch of muscle

Answer 83

False, low load-long slow stretch

Question 84

Teenagers complaining of "growing pains" because their bones are actually growing faster than their muscles will trigger _____ _____

Answer 84

sarcomere production

Question 85

_____ heavily influences the likelihood of contracture developement

Answer 85

positioning