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Motor Control > Exam 6: Chapter 12 Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 6: Chapter 12 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

mobility fits within the ICF primarily in the ____ and _____ components

A

activity; participation

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2
Q

In the ICF framework, specific gait deviations fit under _______

A

body function and structure

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3
Q

In the ICF framework, specific tasks fit under ____ level

A

activity

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4
Q

The impact of activity limitations on life roles fits under _____

A

participation

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5
Q

What are the three essential requirements for locomotion

A

progression
postural control
adaptation

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6
Q

Progression is an essential requirement for locomotion. Explain why this is important

A

Progression involves CPG and stepping patterns for basic locomotor patterns.
It also includes the ability to initiate, terminate, and guide locomotion

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7
Q

Which of the three essential requirements for locomotion involve the basic locomotor pattern and includes the ability to initiate, terminate, and guide locomotion

A

progression

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8
Q

Postural control is an essential requirement for locomotion. Explain why this is important

A

Postural control involves the organization of multiple systems to achieve stability and orientation

Think about the stability controlling COM relative to a moving BOS

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9
Q

Steady state control, reactive control, and anticipatory control fall under which essential requirement for locomotion

A

postural control

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10
Q

Adaptation is an essential requirement for locomotion. Explain why this is important

A

Adaptation is needed to meet the task goals and meet environmental demands

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11
Q

What is the term that describes the ability to control the COM relative to the BOS in predictable and non-changing conditions

A

steady state balance

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12
Q

What is the term that describes the ability to control the COM relative to the BOS during long bouts of constant velocity walking.

A

steady state gait

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13
Q

Explain the concept of steady state gait

A

The ability to control the COM relative to the BOS in a predictable but continuously changing conditions

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14
Q

What are the two phases of gait

A

stance and swing

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15
Q

What are two goals of stance phase during gait

A
  1. Generate enough propulsion forces for continual motion

2. Stabilize the limb for weight acceptance and shock absorption

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16
Q

Strategies in (stance/swing) phase must be flexible to allow for changes in speed and direction

A

stance

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17
Q

Strategies in stance phase must be flexible to allow for changes in ____ and ____

A

speed; direction

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18
Q

What are the two goals of swing phase during gait

A
  1. advancement of the limb

2. reposition the limb in preparation for weight acceptance

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19
Q

Strategies in (stance/swing) must be flexible and adaptable to changes in the environment or avoid obstacles

A

swing

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20
Q

Strategies in swing phase must be flexible and adaptable to changes in the ____ or to avoid ____

A

environment; obstacles

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21
Q

What term describes the number of steps per unit of time

A

cadence

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22
Q

What term describes the distance from foot strike of one foot to foot strike of the other

A

step length

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23
Q

What term describes the distance from foot strike of one foot to foot strike of the same foot

A

stride length

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24
Q

What term is reported as distance over time, most commonly in meters per second

A

velocity

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25
Q

what is the normal velocity of a young adult during gait

A

1.46 m/sec

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26
Q

As cadence increases, step length (increases/decreases)

A

decreases

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27
Q

As step length increases, cadence (increases/decreases)

A

decreases

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28
Q

As walking velocity decreases

  • Cadence (increases/decreases)
  • Stance time (increases/decreases)
  • Swing times are relatively (constant/changing)
  • Double support time (increases/decreases)
  • Variability (increases/decreases)
A 
cadence decreases
stance time increases
swing time is constant
double support increases
variability increases
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29
Q

As walking velocity increases

  • Cadence (increases/decreases)
  • Step length (increases/decreases)
  • Stance time (increases/decreases) relative to swing
  • Double support time (increases/decreases)
A

cadence increases
step length increases
stance time decreases
double support decreases

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30
Q

Joint kinematics during the gait cycle are influenced by the body’s ___, and the ground reaction forces acting during forward progression

A

COM

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31
Q

Which plane of motion does gait mostly occur in

A

sagittal plane

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32
Q

What are the two adaptations in gait that are critical to functional mobility

A

Adaptation of the progression requirement

Adaptation of the postural control requirement

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33
Q

Adaptation of the progression requirement of gait is critical to functional mobility, what two parameters would be modified in the adaptation of the progression requirement

A

modifying force generation and modifying speed appropriate to the task

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34
Q

Adaptation of postural control is required for functional mobility of gait, which two strategies are involved in postural control adaptation

A

Reactive strategies to recover stability after unexpected perturbation and proactive strategies to avoid loss of stability

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35
Q

Disturbances come from ____ and ___ sources

A

external and internal

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36
Q

Give examples of external sources that result in disturbances in gait

A

obstacles and surface changes

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37
Q

Give examples of internal sources that result in disturbances of gait

A

carrying of a load

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38
Q

In regards to reactive balance control in gait what is the main control issue?

A

Keeping the HAT segment well balances to prevent falls

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39
Q

What does the HAT segment stand for

A

head arm trunk segment

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40
Q

The HAT segment involves muscle activity both in the (proximal/distal) perturbed leg muscles and in the (proximal/distal) hip and trunk

A

distal; proximal

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41
Q

Forward slip at initial contact is similar to an (anterior/posterior) platform balance

A

anterior

42
Q

Is a trip strategy proximal to distal or distal to proximal?

A

distal to proximal

43
Q

In regards to a tripping strategy, is an elevating or lowering strategy used during an early swing trip

A

elevating

44
Q

In regards to a tripping strategy, is an elevating or lowering strategy being used during a late swing trip

A

lowering

45
Q

Increased hip and knee flexion and increased ankle DF is seen in (early/late) swing trip

A

early

46
Q

Reactive strategies are triggered from the ______ ascending pathway so if a patient has impairments in this pathway, their likelihood of falling will increase

A

cutaneous

47
Q

slips and trips are (reactive/proactive) strategies of gait

A

reactive

48
Q

What are the proactive strategies for adaptation of gait

A

vision
prediction
avoidance
accommodation

49
Q

Which proactive strategy is used to identify objects and navigate around them

A

vision

50
Q

visual scanning is used ___% on level surfaces and ___% on uneven surface

A

10; 30

51
Q

Which proactive strategy estimates potential destabilizing effects and makes anticipatory adjustments to step cycle

A

prediction

52
Q

Which proactive strategy involves changing the placement of the foot, increasing ground clearance to avoid obstacles, changing direction of gait, and stopping

A

avoidance

53
Q

When would you change direction of gait during an avoidance proactive strategy

A

when the object cannot be cleared

54
Q

Which proactive strategy usually involves change in scaling parameters to adjust to surfaces

A

accommodation

55
Q

Which term is scaling used to reference

A

the amount of force

56
Q

Does scaling involve short term or long term strategies

A

long term with multiple steps

57
Q

Provide an example of when someone would use an accommodation proactive strategy

A

When walking through an icy parking lot. The person will slow down their gait speed, lower their COM, and take smaller steps

58
Q

_____ is used to minimize destabilizing forces that result from our own movement. Remember the COM is constantly moving forward during gait

A

prediciton

59
Q

____ ___ produces a forward translation and speeds up the forward movement of the COM just like a forward platform shift would. To slow down that COM shift, the trunk extends to keep the COM back and prevent a forward fall

A

push off

60
Q

Push off produces a (forward/backward) translation and speeds up the movement of the COM like a (forward/backward) platform would. To slow down the COM shift, the trunk (flexes/extends) to prevent a fall

A

forward
forward
extends

61
Q

____ ____ applies a sudden backward translation against that normal forward progression of the COM, so the trunk responds by moving forward to keep the COM progressing as it should

A

initial contact

62
Q

initial contact applies a sudden (forward/backward) translation against that normal forward progression of the COM, so the trunk responds by moving (forward/backward) to keep the COM progression

A

backward

forward

63
Q

Visually activated strategies are carried within a step in the gait cycle. With turning the adjustment occurs one step (after/in advance) of the turn

A

in advance

64
Q

In regards to obstacle crossing, when stepping over an object COM changes more in the (AP/ML) direction and less in the (AP/ML)

A

AP; ML

65
Q

In regards to obstacle crossing, older patients or patients with impairments have difficulty controlling/limiting the (AP/ML) COM

A

ML

66
Q

In regards to obstacle crossing, stepping over vs stepping around an object is directly related to ____. Height of toe clearance is related to the perceived _____ of the object

A

size; fragility

67
Q

Is obstacle crossing proactive or reactive strategies

A

proactive

68
Q

is adapting to surface conditions proactive or reactive strategies

A

proactive

69
Q

What parameters are seen in individuals perceive something is different or the surface conditions are not

A

shorter times in single limb stance
slower loading speeds
shorter stride lengths
slower angular velocity at the ankle

70
Q

The compliance of surface conditions studies look at individuals as they are (walking/running)

A

running

71
Q

In the compliance of surface conditions study, adjustments in muscle stiffness are seen depending on the ______. Adjustments occurred within ___ step of moving to the new surface. In _____ conditions, less adjustment is seen

A

surface
one
ischemic

72
Q

Is adapting to inclines proactive or reactive strategy

A

proactive

73
Q

In regards to adapting to inclines, young adults show (greater/lesser) joint angular motion and (increased/decreased) muscle activity

A

greater; increased

74
Q

In regards to adapting to inclines, an uphill incline (increases/decreases) step length which (increases/decreases) cadence

A

increased; decreases

75
Q

In regards to adapting to inclines, a downhill incline (increases/decreases) step length which (increases/decreases) cadence

A

decreases; increases

76
Q

Is turning a proactive or reactive strategy

A

proactive

77
Q

How do you know when a step turn or spin turn should be initiated

A

If you change directions towards the side the front foot is placed, then use a spin turn
If you change directions towards the side the back foot is placed, then use a step turn

78
Q

True or False:

A spin turn is easier and more stable because it has a wider BOS

A

false, a step turn is easier

79
Q

In regards to turning strategies, deceleration of walking is a (proximal to distal/distal to proximal) sequence strategy

A

distal to proximal

80
Q

When an individual initiates gait or changes speed, describe how shifts in center of pressure occurs.

A

Starts with a posterior to lateral shift toward the swing limb

Then a lateral shift towards stance limb, then forward

81
Q

When is steady velocity reached when initiating or changing gait speeds

A

within 1-3 steps

82
Q

What is the walk to run transition time

A

1.88 to 2.07 m/sec

83
Q

During a walk to run transition, ground reaction forces (increase/decrease) transition

A

increase

84
Q

What is a critical component of the walk to run transition

A

peak ankle angular velocity and acceleration

85
Q

True or False:

In regards to walk to run transitions, different heights reach the same ankle accelerations at different speeds

A

true

86
Q

Much of the locomotion research is done with (humans/animals)

A

animals

87
Q

In regards to pattern generators for gait, the CPG within the spinal cord has the role of what?

A

basic flexion and extension patterns

88
Q

Which pattern generator of the spinal cord is responsible for basic flexion/extension patterns

A

CPG in the spinal cord

89
Q

In regards to pattern generators for gait, the descending pathways from higher centers have the role of what?

A

modulation of CPG and centers for initiation of CPG

90
Q

Which pattern generator of the spinal cord is needed for modulation of CPG and has centers for initiation of CPG

A

descending pathways from higher centers

91
Q

In regards to pattern generators for gait, sensory feedback has the role of what?

A

modulates at spinal cord level in response to environment as well as through influence to higher centers

92
Q

What CNS is available at the spinal cord

A

spinal cord

93
Q

Which research preparation of descending influences of gait have the function of near normal inter/intralimb activation patterns, modulates reflex actions, and executes other movements concurrently

A

spinal

94
Q

What CNS is available at the decerebrate

A

spinal cord
brainstem
cerebellum

95
Q

Which research preparation of descending influences of gait have the function of weight support, active propulsion, and improving coordination of activation patterns

A

decerebrate

96
Q

What CNS is available at the decorticate

A

spinal cord
brainstem
cerebellum
basal ganglia

97
Q

Which research preparation of descending influences of gait have the function of dynamic stability, initiates normal goal directed behavior in neonatally decorticate andimals

A

decorticate

98
Q

What CNS is available at the intact system

A 
spinal cord
brainstem
cerebellum 
basal ganglia
cortex
99
Q

Which research preparation of descending influences of gait have the function of adaptable locomotor control system to meet goals of the animal in any enivornment

A

intact system

100
Q

Functional neural imaging research in gait with increased gait shows the increased activity in _____ and pre motor areas. Also there is no change in ____ activity with speed

A

prefrontal; sensorimotor

Motor Control (11 decks)

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