Exam 6: Chapter 12 Part 1

Question 1

mobility fits within the ICF primarily in the ____ and _____ components

Answer 1

activity; participation

Question 2

In the ICF framework, specific gait deviations fit under _______

Answer 2

body function and structure

Question 3

In the ICF framework, specific tasks fit under ____ level

Answer 3

activity

Question 4

The impact of activity limitations on life roles fits under _____

Answer 4

participation

Question 5

What are the three essential requirements for locomotion

Answer 5

progression
postural control
adaptation

Question 6

Progression is an essential requirement for locomotion. Explain why this is important

Answer 6

Progression involves CPG and stepping patterns for basic locomotor patterns.
It also includes the ability to initiate, terminate, and guide locomotion

Question 7

Which of the three essential requirements for locomotion involve the basic locomotor pattern and includes the ability to initiate, terminate, and guide locomotion

Answer 7

progression

Question 8

Postural control is an essential requirement for locomotion. Explain why this is important

Answer 8

Postural control involves the organization of multiple systems to achieve stability and orientation

Think about the stability controlling COM relative to a moving BOS

Question 9

Steady state control, reactive control, and anticipatory control fall under which essential requirement for locomotion

Answer 9

postural control

Question 10

Adaptation is an essential requirement for locomotion. Explain why this is important

Answer 10

Adaptation is needed to meet the task goals and meet environmental demands

Question 11

What is the term that describes the ability to control the COM relative to the BOS in predictable and non-changing conditions

Answer 11

steady state balance

Question 12

What is the term that describes the ability to control the COM relative to the BOS during long bouts of constant velocity walking.

Answer 12

steady state gait

Question 13

Explain the concept of steady state gait

Answer 13

The ability to control the COM relative to the BOS in a predictable but continuously changing conditions

Question 14

What are the two phases of gait

Answer 14

stance and swing

Question 15

What are two goals of stance phase during gait

Answer 15

1. Generate enough propulsion forces for continual motion

2. Stabilize the limb for weight acceptance and shock absorption

Question 16

Strategies in (stance/swing) phase must be flexible to allow for changes in speed and direction

Answer 16

stance

Question 17

Strategies in stance phase must be flexible to allow for changes in ____ and ____

Answer 17

speed; direction

Question 18

What are the two goals of swing phase during gait

Answer 18

1. advancement of the limb

2. reposition the limb in preparation for weight acceptance

Question 19

Strategies in (stance/swing) must be flexible and adaptable to changes in the environment or avoid obstacles

Answer 19

swing

Question 20

Strategies in swing phase must be flexible and adaptable to changes in the ____ or to avoid ____

Answer 20

environment; obstacles

Question 21

What term describes the number of steps per unit of time

Answer 21

cadence

Question 22

What term describes the distance from foot strike of one foot to foot strike of the other

Answer 22

step length

Question 23

What term describes the distance from foot strike of one foot to foot strike of the same foot

Answer 23

stride length

Question 24

What term is reported as distance over time, most commonly in meters per second

Answer 24

velocity

Question 25

what is the normal velocity of a young adult during gait

Answer 25

1.46 m/sec

Question 26

As cadence increases, step length (increases/decreases)

Answer 26

decreases

Question 27

As step length increases, cadence (increases/decreases)

Answer 27

decreases

Question 28

As walking velocity decreases - Cadence (increases/decreases) - Stance time (increases/decreases) - Swing times are relatively (constant/changing) - Double support time (increases/decreases) - Variability (increases/decreases)

Answer 28

``` cadence decreases stance time increases swing time is constant double support increases variability increases ```

Question 29

As walking velocity increases - Cadence (increases/decreases) - Step length (increases/decreases) - Stance time (increases/decreases) relative to swing - Double support time (increases/decreases)

Answer 29

cadence increases step length increases stance time decreases double support decreases

Question 30

Joint kinematics during the gait cycle are influenced by the body's ___, and the ground reaction forces acting during forward progression

Answer 30

COM

Question 31

Which plane of motion does gait mostly occur in

Answer 31

sagittal plane

Question 32

What are the two adaptations in gait that are critical to functional mobility

Answer 32

Adaptation of the progression requirement | Adaptation of the postural control requirement

Question 33

Adaptation of the progression requirement of gait is critical to functional mobility, what two parameters would be modified in the adaptation of the progression requirement

Answer 33

modifying force generation and modifying speed appropriate to the task

Question 34

Adaptation of postural control is required for functional mobility of gait, which two strategies are involved in postural control adaptation

Answer 34

Reactive strategies to recover stability after unexpected perturbation and proactive strategies to avoid loss of stability

Question 35

Disturbances come from ____ and ___ sources

Answer 35

external and internal

Question 36

Give examples of external sources that result in disturbances in gait

Answer 36

obstacles and surface changes

Question 37

Give examples of internal sources that result in disturbances of gait

Answer 37

carrying of a load

Question 38

In regards to reactive balance control in gait what is the main control issue?

Answer 38

Keeping the HAT segment well balances to prevent falls

Question 39

What does the HAT segment stand for

Answer 39

head arm trunk segment

Question 40

The HAT segment involves muscle activity both in the (proximal/distal) perturbed leg muscles and in the (proximal/distal) hip and trunk

Answer 40

distal; proximal

Question 41

Forward slip at initial contact is similar to an (anterior/posterior) platform balance

Answer 41

anterior

Question 42

Is a trip strategy proximal to distal or distal to proximal?

Answer 42

distal to proximal

Question 43

In regards to a tripping strategy, is an elevating or lowering strategy used during an early swing trip

Answer 43

elevating

Question 44

In regards to a tripping strategy, is an elevating or lowering strategy being used during a late swing trip

Answer 44

lowering

Question 45

Increased hip and knee flexion and increased ankle DF is seen in (early/late) swing trip

Answer 45

early

Question 46

Reactive strategies are triggered from the ______ ascending pathway so if a patient has impairments in this pathway, their likelihood of falling will increase

Answer 46

cutaneous

Question 47

slips and trips are (reactive/proactive) strategies of gait

Answer 47

reactive

Question 48

What are the proactive strategies for adaptation of gait

Answer 48

vision prediction avoidance accommodation

Question 49

Which proactive strategy is used to identify objects and navigate around them

Answer 49

vision

Question 50

visual scanning is used ___% on level surfaces and ___% on uneven surface

Answer 50

10; 30

Question 51

Which proactive strategy estimates potential destabilizing effects and makes anticipatory adjustments to step cycle

Answer 51

prediction

Question 52

Which proactive strategy involves changing the placement of the foot, increasing ground clearance to avoid obstacles, changing direction of gait, and stopping

Answer 52

avoidance

Question 53

When would you change direction of gait during an avoidance proactive strategy

Answer 53

when the object cannot be cleared

Question 54

Which proactive strategy usually involves change in scaling parameters to adjust to surfaces

Answer 54

accommodation

Question 55

Which term is scaling used to reference

Answer 55

the amount of force

Question 56

Does scaling involve short term or long term strategies

Answer 56

long term with multiple steps

Question 57

Provide an example of when someone would use an accommodation proactive strategy

Answer 57

When walking through an icy parking lot. The person will slow down their gait speed, lower their COM, and take smaller steps

Question 58

_____ is used to minimize destabilizing forces that result from our own movement. Remember the COM is constantly moving forward during gait

Answer 58

prediciton

Question 59

____ ___ produces a forward translation and speeds up the forward movement of the COM just like a forward platform shift would. To slow down that COM shift, the trunk extends to keep the COM back and prevent a forward fall

Answer 59

push off

Question 60

Push off produces a (forward/backward) translation and speeds up the movement of the COM like a (forward/backward) platform would. To slow down the COM shift, the trunk (flexes/extends) to prevent a fall

Answer 60

forward forward extends

Question 61

____ ____ applies a sudden backward translation against that normal forward progression of the COM, so the trunk responds by moving forward to keep the COM progressing as it should

Answer 61

initial contact

Question 62

initial contact applies a sudden (forward/backward) translation against that normal forward progression of the COM, so the trunk responds by moving (forward/backward) to keep the COM progression

Answer 62

backward | forward

Question 63

Visually activated strategies are carried within a step in the gait cycle. With turning the adjustment occurs one step (after/in advance) of the turn

Answer 63

in advance

Question 64

In regards to obstacle crossing, when stepping over an object COM changes more in the (AP/ML) direction and less in the (AP/ML)

Answer 64

AP; ML

Question 65

In regards to obstacle crossing, older patients or patients with impairments have difficulty controlling/limiting the (AP/ML) COM

Answer 65

ML

Question 66

In regards to obstacle crossing, stepping over vs stepping around an object is directly related to ____. Height of toe clearance is related to the perceived _____ of the object

Answer 66

size; fragility

Question 67

Is obstacle crossing proactive or reactive strategies

Answer 67

proactive

Question 68

is adapting to surface conditions proactive or reactive strategies

Answer 68

proactive

Question 69

What parameters are seen in individuals perceive something is different or the surface conditions are not

Answer 69

shorter times in single limb stance slower loading speeds shorter stride lengths slower angular velocity at the ankle

Question 70

The compliance of surface conditions studies look at individuals as they are (walking/running)

Answer 70

running

Question 71

In the compliance of surface conditions study, adjustments in muscle stiffness are seen depending on the ______. Adjustments occurred within ___ step of moving to the new surface. In _____ conditions, less adjustment is seen

Answer 71

surface one ischemic

Question 72

Is adapting to inclines proactive or reactive strategy

Answer 72

proactive

Question 73

In regards to adapting to inclines, young adults show (greater/lesser) joint angular motion and (increased/decreased) muscle activity

Answer 73

greater; increased

Question 74

In regards to adapting to inclines, an uphill incline (increases/decreases) step length which (increases/decreases) cadence

Answer 74

increased; decreases

Question 75

In regards to adapting to inclines, a downhill incline (increases/decreases) step length which (increases/decreases) cadence

Answer 75

decreases; increases

Question 76

Is turning a proactive or reactive strategy

Answer 76

proactive

Question 77

How do you know when a step turn or spin turn should be initiated

Answer 77

If you change directions towards the side the front foot is placed, then use a spin turn If you change directions towards the side the back foot is placed, then use a step turn

Question 78

True or False: A spin turn is easier and more stable because it has a wider BOS

Answer 78

false, a step turn is easier

Question 79

In regards to turning strategies, deceleration of walking is a (proximal to distal/distal to proximal) sequence strategy

Answer 79

distal to proximal

Question 80

When an individual initiates gait or changes speed, describe how shifts in center of pressure occurs.

Answer 80

Starts with a posterior to lateral shift toward the swing limb Then a lateral shift towards stance limb, then forward

Question 81

When is steady velocity reached when initiating or changing gait speeds

Answer 81

within 1-3 steps

Question 82

What is the walk to run transition time

Answer 82

1.88 to 2.07 m/sec

Question 83

During a walk to run transition, ground reaction forces (increase/decrease) transition

Answer 83

increase

Question 84

What is a critical component of the walk to run transition

Answer 84

peak ankle angular velocity and acceleration

Question 85

True or False: In regards to walk to run transitions, different heights reach the same ankle accelerations at different speeds

Answer 85

true

Question 86

Much of the locomotion research is done with (humans/animals)

Answer 86

animals

Question 87

In regards to pattern generators for gait, the CPG within the spinal cord has the role of what?

Answer 87

basic flexion and extension patterns

Question 88

Which pattern generator of the spinal cord is responsible for basic flexion/extension patterns

Answer 88

CPG in the spinal cord

Question 89

In regards to pattern generators for gait, the descending pathways from higher centers have the role of what?

Answer 89

modulation of CPG and centers for initiation of CPG

Question 90

Which pattern generator of the spinal cord is needed for modulation of CPG and has centers for initiation of CPG

Answer 90

descending pathways from higher centers

Question 91

In regards to pattern generators for gait, sensory feedback has the role of what?

Answer 91

modulates at spinal cord level in response to environment as well as through influence to higher centers

Question 92

What CNS is available at the spinal cord

Answer 92

spinal cord

Question 93

Which research preparation of descending influences of gait have the function of near normal inter/intralimb activation patterns, modulates reflex actions, and executes other movements concurrently

Answer 93

spinal

Question 94

What CNS is available at the decerebrate

Answer 94

spinal cord brainstem cerebellum

Question 95

Which research preparation of descending influences of gait have the function of weight support, active propulsion, and improving coordination of activation patterns

Answer 95

decerebrate

Question 96

What CNS is available at the decorticate

Answer 96

spinal cord brainstem cerebellum basal ganglia

Question 97

Which research preparation of descending influences of gait have the function of dynamic stability, initiates normal goal directed behavior in neonatally decorticate andimals

Answer 97

decorticate

Question 98

What CNS is available at the intact system

Answer 98

``` spinal cord brainstem cerebellum basal ganglia cortex ```

Question 99

Which research preparation of descending influences of gait have the function of adaptable locomotor control system to meet goals of the animal in any enivornment

Answer 99

intact system

Question 100

Functional neural imaging research in gait with increased gait shows the increased activity in _____ and pre motor areas. Also there is no change in ____ activity with speed

Answer 100

prefrontal; sensorimotor