Final material Flashcards
What are iliac joint surfaces made of?
FIBROCARTILAGE
Is the female pelvis shaped like a martini glass or a champagne flute?
i would guess martini glass
This muscle primarily functions to produce external rotation & abduction of the femur
PIRIFORMIS
What muscles comprise the levator ani group?
PUBOCOCCYGEUS, ILIOCOCCYGEUS, PUBORECTALIS
What is cauda equina syndrome?
ACUTE LOSS OF FUNCTION OF NERVE ROOTS BELOW CONUS MEDULLARIS
Which portion of the SI joint likely receives innervation from the posterior rami of the L2-S2 roots?
ANTERIOR
Is the pubic tubercle at the same level as the greater or lesser trochanter?
GREATER
What tests stress the SI joint?
PELVIC ROCK, GAENSLEN’S, LEWIN-GAENSLEN’S, HIBB’S, NACHLAS
What does FABERE stand for?
Flexion, ABduction, External Rotation, Extension of other leg (looks like figure 4)
What is the break up of the acetabulum (How much is comprised of each pelvic bone)?
2/5 EACH FOR ILIUM & ISCHIUM. 1/5 PUBIC
At what age is development of the acetabulum complete?
8
Does the angle of the femur head become more acute or obtuse with age?
acute
Why should hips be inspected weight-bearing & supine?
B/C SPINE, KNEE OR FEET COULD AFFECT WEIGHT-BEARING
PELVIC OBLIQUITY
If ASIS is not in the same horizontal plane
Iliac crest contusion is very painful & disabling if ______ is involved. Why
PERIOSTEUM. B/C NERVE ENDINGS ARE PRESENT THERE
The greater trochanters should be at the same level of these
PUBIC TUBERCLES
What may cause the trochanters to be unlevel
CONGENITAL HIP DISLOCATION OR HIP FRACTURES
Straddle Fx
bilateral superior pubic rami & ischiopubic Fxs
Bucket Handle Fx
sup. & inf. Pubic rami Fx w/separation or Fx of contralateral SI jt.
Sprung Pelvis
separation of the pubic symphysis & both SI jts
3 most common areas of pelvis for avulsion fractures
ASIS, AIIS, ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY
2/3 of the femur head are covered with this
HYALINE/SMOOTH/ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
A larger femur inclination is called
COXA VALGA
What muscles attach to the greater trochanter?
GLUTEUS MINIMUS & MEDIUS, PIRIFORMIS, SUPERIOR & INFERIOR GEMELLUS, OBTURATOR INTERNUS, QUADRATUS FEMORIS
What muscles attach to the lesser trochanter?
ILIOPSOAS
What is the angle of femoral anteversion?
NORMAL 8-15 DEGREES. THE ANGLE THAT THE FEMORAL NECK MAKES WITH THE ACETABULUM
Increased femoral head torsion can result in a ton of different conditions. Can you name them?
OA, DYSPLASIA OF THE ACETABULUM, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTERIOR FEMORAL DISLOCATION, KNEE JOINT MISALIGNMENT PROBLEMS, PATELLAR DISLOCATION, EXCESSIVE LUMBAR LORDOSIS, EXTERNAL ROTATION OF THE TIBIA, PRONATION OF THE FEET
Decreased femoral head torsion may result in the following conditions
LOW BACK OR SI PATHOLOGIES, INTERNAL ROTATION OF THE TIBIA, SUPINATION OF THE FEET (WALKING ON LATERAL ASPECT OF FEET
AVN of the femoral capital epiphysis before closure of the growth plate is called?
LEGG-CALVEL-PERTHES DISEASE
LEGG-CALVEL-PERTHES DISEASE 4 stages
AVASCULARIZATION, REVASCULARIZATION, REPAIR, DEFORMITY
What is usually the 1st sign of above disease (LEGG-CALVEL-PERTHES DISEASE)
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF FEMORAL HEAD (SEEN ON XRAY FILM)
What 3 ligaments provide stability to the hip joint?
ILIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT (OF BERTIN/BIGELOW), PUBOFEMORAL LIGAMENT, ISCHIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
What ligament blends with the capsule?
ISCHIOFEMORAL
What is the strongest ligament in the body?
ILIOFEMORAL
What is the most commonly injured hip ligament
ISCHIOFEMORAL
ISCHIOFEMORAL: limits
internal rotation
PUBOFEMORAL: limits
abduction
ILIOFEMORAL LATERAL BAND: limits
adduction
ILIOFEMORAL MEDIAL BAND: limits
external rotation.
most powerful hip flexor?
ILIOPSOAS
What is the longest muscle in the body & what are its functions?
SARTORIUS. FLEXES HIP & KNEE, ABDUCTS, EXTERNAL ROTATION
What is the most important hip extensor & external rotator of hip?
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
What does Klein’s line determine?
SLIPPAGE OF FEMORAL CAPITAL EPIPHYSIS
At 60 degrees or less of hip flexion, piriformis is an external hip rotator T/F
T
T/F At 90 degrees of hip flexion, piriformis is an internal hip rotator
T
Where does the inguinal ligament run to & from?
ASIS TO PUBIC TUBERCLE
T/F The femoral artery lies lateral to the femoral nerve.
False:OPPOSITE
What runs through the femoral triangle?
FEMORAL VEIN, ARTERY & NERVE (FROM MEDIAL TO LATERAL)
The sciatic nerve is located between these two bony structures.
GREATER TROCHANTER & ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY
Normally, the sciatic nerve passes inferior to this muscle
PIRIFORMIS
Does the medial circumflex femoral artery supply the anterior or posterior thigh?
POSTERIOR
Diagnoses can be formed solely by special tests
F
PRICE stands for
PROTECTION, REST, ICE, COMPRESSION, ELEVATION
How many articular surfaces are there in the knee?
3
How many joints are there in the knee & what are they?
2 PATELLOFEMORAL & TIBIOFEMORAL
What types of swelling occur in the knee & how do they differ?
LOCAL: BURSA. GENERALIZED: INTRA-ARTICULAR (SYNOVIAL).
Normally, the tibia has a slight VARUS/VALGUS formation
Valgus
Reversal of the curve in the knee is called
GENU RECURVATUM
Joint stability in the knee is dependent upon these
ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL, MENISCI, TENDONS
Which femoral condyle sits higher?
LATERAL
Which femoral condyle is bigger?
MEDIAL
Which plateau has approximately 50% greater surface area than the other?
Medial
Which way do patellas dislocate most of the time?
Lateral
Degeneration of retropatellar cartilage is called what?
CHONDROMALACIA PATELLA
The medial & lateral points of the patella are termed what?
POLES
Is the patella mobile in flexion or extension?
extension
What is the Q angle?
ANGLE FORMED BY BISECTION OF 2 LINES. 1 LINE DRAWN FROM ASIS TO CENTER OF PATELLA, OTHER FROM PATELLA TO TIBIAL TUBERCLE.
What are normal Q angles for males & females?
M: 8-14 DEGREES/ F: 15-17 DEGREES
BAYONET SIGN
increased Q angle
increased Q angle is common with these conditions
PATELLOFEMORAL ARTHRALGIA/PATELLOFEMORAL SYNDROME
Patella stability is dependent on these 2 factors
STATIC RESTRAINTS & DYNAMIC RESTRAINTS
What is the distance the patella can move in the trochlear groove of the femur?
5-7 CM
patella sits too high
patella Alta
patella sits too low
patella baja
T/F Knee is the largest synovial capsule in the body
True
The bone is inflamed and broken at the site of patellar tendon attachment to the shin bone. Pain, swelling & tenderness occur over the tibial tubercle. What is this condition called?
OSGOOD-SCHLATTER’S DISEASE
What is a common time for this condition to occur?
GROWTH SPURTS IN PREADOLESCENTS
primary restraint Anterior translation of the knee joint
ACL
primary restraint posterior translation of the knee
PCL
primary restraint of Valgus rotation of knee joint?
MCL
primary restraint of Varus rotation of Knee joint?
LCL
primary restraint Lateral rotation?
MCL, PCL
primary restraint of medial rotation
ACL, PCL
ACL VS PCL which is longer and thinner?
ACL
T/F Examiner sits on patient’s foot in Lachman’s test
F
T/F Examiner sits on patient’s foot in Drawer test
T
MOI: falling onto shin with a bent knee & foot pointed or a dashboard injury.
PCL tear
This is a broad, fan-shaped ligament (knee)
MCL
Round rope-like ligament in the knee
LCL
What are the menisci composed of?
FIBROCARTILAGE
Which is bigger, thicker, wider posteriorly than anteriorly, wedge-shaped & C-shaped? (knee joint)
MEDIAL MENISCUS
T/F Medial meniscus is more mobile than the lateral meniscus.
F
T/F the inner 1/3 of the meniscus is avascular
T
Bucket handle, parrot beak, flap & radial tears. What is the worst & why?
RADIAL. B/C IT AFFECTS THE AVASCULAR PORTION OF THE MENISCUS.
What are the functions of the meniscus?
LOAD TRANSMISSION, SHOCK ABSORPTION, JOINT LUBRICATION, JOINT STABILITY & GUIDING OF MOVEMENTS
What is the triad of O’Donoghue AKA “terrible triad” or “unhappy triad”?
RUPTURE OF MCL, ACL & MEDIAL MENISCUS
Why is it possible to have so much swelling in the knee?
B/C THERE ARE SO MANY BURSA
AKA for prepatellar bursitis?
HOUSEMAID’S KNEE
potential MOIs for prepatellar bursitis?
OVERUSE, DIRECT BLOW
What is the AKA for infrapatellar bursitis?
CLERGYMAN’S KNEE
What is the MOI for Clergyman’s knee?
REPEATED TRAUMA TO TIBIAL TUBEROSITY