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Biol163 > FINAL: Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

FINAL: Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What structures does the gross anatomy include

A

Testes
Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Penis
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland

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2
Q

What layer of the scrotum is this

A

Skin

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3
Q

What layer of the scrotum is this

A

Dartos muscle
- thin smooth muscle

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4
Q

What layer of the scrotum is this

A

The fascia ( connective tissue )

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5
Q

What layer of the scrotum is this

A

Cremasteric smooth muscle
- extends to spermatic cord

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6
Q

What layer of the scrotum is this

A

The parietal tunica vaginalis

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7
Q

What layer of the scrotum is this

A

Visceral tunica vaginalis

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8
Q

What layer of the scrotum is this

A

Tunica albuginea

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9
Q

Where does spermatogenisis occur

A

In the seminiferus tubules located in the testes
- these tubules are divided into lobes

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10
Q

What are the functions of the testes

A

Spermatogenisis and production of testosterone

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11
Q

What are the two protective layers of the testes

A

Tunica albugenia (dense connective tissue)
Tunica vaginalis (serous membrane)

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12
Q

What cells make up the tubules in the testes

A

Interstitial (leydig) cells -> between the tubules
- produce testosterone and regulate spermatogenisis
Spermatagonia cells -> divide to become sperm
Substentactular (sertoli) cells -> support the spermatagonia

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13
Q

What is the process of spermatogenisis

A

Starts with immature sperm cells (spermatagonia)
- found on the edge of tubules, farthest from lumen
Substentacular cells surround developing sperm
- provide nutrients and waste removal
As the spermatagonium travels towards the lumen in undergoes meiosis
Mature sperm develops a flagellum (tail) and loses most of its cytoplasm
- fast and lightweight for travel in the female
A single spermatagonia produces 4 sperm cells
Regulated by hormones!

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14
Q

When do the testes descend

A

Prior (or shortly after) birth, into the scrotum

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15
Q

Why are hernias more common for males

A

There is a weakness in the skin in the scrotum

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16
Q

What is the function of the epididymis

A

Functions in sperm maturation and storage until ejaculation
Sperm is constantly being made, stored and reabsorbed (if not used)

17
Q

Where is the epididymis located

A

It is connected to the testes
The rete testis connects the main seminiferous tubules with the epididymis
The tail of the epididymis is connected to the ductus (vas) deferens

18
Q

What is the ductus deferens

A

A muscular tube which functions to carry sperm to ejaculatory duct
During orgasm, peristalsis move sperm from epididymis to vas deferens
It is a part of the spermatic cord

19
Q

What is the spermatic cord

A

It contains the ductus deferens, main testicular arteries/veins, nerves and lymphatics
Cord of fascia and smooth muscle that leaves the scrotum

20
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct

A

Short passageway between ductus and urethra
Merges with duct of seminal vesicle to enter the prostate
Carries spermatozoa and semen to the urethra

21
Q

What is the male urethra

A

Common passage for urine and semen
Runs from urinary bladder and glans penis

22
Q

What are the accessory glands that contribute to semen

A

Seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland

23
Q

What does the seminal vesicle produce

A

Sticky, yellow, alkaline fluid that florence’s under UV light
Fructose, citrate, coagulating enzyme
65% of semen

24
Q

What does the prostate gland produce

A

Thin, milky fluid that activates sperm
Lysozyme (anti-bacterial protein)
30% of semen

25
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland produce

A

Mucous liquid -> pre-ejaculate
Counteracts acidity of vagina
5% of semen

26
Q

What is the function of the penis

A

Delivers sperm to vagina

27
Q

What are the types of erectile tissue found in the penis

A

Anterior - 2 corpora cavernosa separated by a septum
Inferior - corpus spongiosum surrounding the urethra

28
Q

What are the functions of testosterone

A

Triggers puberty
Maintains sex organs (primary sex characteristics)
Maintains secondary sex characteristics
- deep voice, body hair, facial hair, increased muscle mass
Stimulates spermatogenisis
Provides negative feedback to hypothalamus

29
Q

When do testosterone levels decline

A

After age 50
- andropause -> hormone changes
- mood changes, hot flashes, decreased libido

30
Q

How does an erection work ?

A

3 cylinders of erectile tissue contain sinusoidial veins that are supplied by cavernosal arteries
Parasympathetic stimulation increases nitric oxide (vasodialator) levels in penile arteries -> increased blood flow -> blood flow fills sinusoids
Veins draining erectile tissues are compressed, restricting blood flow out of penis

31
Q

What is the first step of the male sexual response

A

Excitement/erection
- controlled by the parasympathetic system
- initiated by sensory stimuli or erotic thoughts
- increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate
- vasocongestion - penis/testis
- nervous system triggers release of nitrous oxide

32
Q

What happens when nitrous oxide is released by the nervous system during erection

A

Smooth muscle of the blood vessels relax

33
Q

What is the first part of male orgasm

A

Emissions
- sympathetic control
- peristalsis of vas deferens moves sperm from epididymis to urethra
- prostate and seminal vesicles secrete fluid

34
Q

What is the second part of the male orgasm

A

Ejaculation
- sympathetic control
- urethral sphincter contracts ( blocks flow of urine)
- muscles contraction and compress root and shaft of penis to expel semen

35
Q

What is the last part of the male sexual response

A

Resolution
- blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow
- smooth muscle of penis contracts to force blood from erectile tissue
- refractory period
- 10 minutes to a few hours
- due to chemicals needed for vasodialation

Biol163 (7 decks)

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