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Biol163 > EXAM 1: Intro & Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

EXAM 1: Intro & Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Does passive transport require energy

A

No!

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2
Q

Does active transport require energy

A

yes

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3
Q

Diffusion is an example of ____ transport

A

passive

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4
Q

Diffusion requires…

A

a concentration gradient
- results movement of articles from high to low concentration

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5
Q

what is osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a membrane
- dependent on amount of dissolved “stuff” in water

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6
Q

water diffuses from where is concentration is 1._____ to where its concentration is 2.______

A
  1. HIGH (dilute solute)
  2. LOW (concentrated solute)
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7
Q

Examples of molecules that can transport straight through a membrane

A

small molecules
lipophilic molecules

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8
Q

example of molecules that utilize facilitated diffusion to transport across a membrane

A
  • partially charged molecules
  • moderately sized molecules
  • sugars, vitamins, amino acids
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9
Q

example of molecules that require a pump to diffuse across a membrane

A

ions, charged, and very large molecules (proteins)

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10
Q

what are affarent neurons

A

neurons that carry info from skin/organs to the nervous system

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11
Q

what are somative afferent neurons

A

somatic is external environment (skin) to the nervous system

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12
Q

what are visceral afferent neurons

A

carries info from internal (organs) to nervous system)

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13
Q

what are chemoreceptors vs. mechanoreceptors vs. proprioceptors

A

chemo: detect chemicals
mechano: physical deformaties
proprio: limb positions

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14
Q

what are efferent neurons

A

neurons that carry information from the CNS to the target tissue (aka motor)

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15
Q

what are somatic efferent neurons

A

brings information to the muscle

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16
Q

what are visceral efferent neurons

A

brings information to internal organs

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17
Q

what are interneurons

A

neurons that are involved in processing in the CNS

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18
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers, neurons communicating

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19
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones into the blood stream

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20
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers, released systemically

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21
Q

what are target cells

A

cells that have hormone receptors

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22
Q

does active transport move against or down the concentration gradient

A

against (requires energy/ATP)

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23
Q

does passive transport move against or down the concentration gradient

A

down the gradient ( no energy/ATP needed)

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24
Q

what is the difference between positive and negative feedback loops

A

neg - response opposes stimulus (homeostasis)(more common)
pos - process that accels itself

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25
Q

what is th erole of dorsal root ganglion in a neural circuit

A

sensory neuron cell bodies

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26
Q

what is the role of an autonomic ganglion in a neural circuit

A

postganglionic autonomics

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27
Q

what are the types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural

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28
Q

what two tissue types make up membranes

A

epithelian and connective

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29
Q

what are the two types of muscle tissue

A

smooth - not organized into sacromeres
cardiac - heart,does have sacromeres

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30
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system

A

transport, protection, regulation

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31
Q

what are some examples of the function of transport in the cardiovascular system

A
  • nutrients, oxygen to cells throughout the body
  • metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for removal
  • hormones to target tissue (cells)
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32
Q

ways the the cardiovascular carries out the function of protection

A
  • white blood cells, antibodies, proteins circulate via blood and defend body against foreign microbes/toxins
  • clotting factors protect from blood loss after injuries
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33
Q

how does the cardivasular system regulate the body

A
  • regulates… body temperature, fluid pH, water conent of cells, blood pressure
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34
Q

All cardiovascular functions are acheived by blood pumping through two circuits:

A
  1. Pulmonary
  2. Systemic
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35
Q

the heart is in a region of the thoracic cavity called the…

A

mediastinum

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36
Q

Where is the mediastinum located

A

between two pleural cavities that house the lungs

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37
Q

the inferior tip of the heart is called the…

A

apex

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38
Q

the superior border of the heart is called the…

A

base

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39
Q

the membranes of the heart create a double-walled sac called the..

A

pericardium

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40
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium

A

think outer layer, provides protection
- connected to parietal layer

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41
Q

what is the serous pericardium

A

thin inner double layer
- parietal layer (tightly connected to fibrous pericardium) AND continuous with the…
- visceral layer (on top of cardiac tissue)

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42
Q

the relationship between the heart and the pericardial cavity can be linked too…

A

a first pressed into the center of a partially inflated balloon

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43
Q

membranes of our body consist of

A

loose connective tissue plus epithelial tissue

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44
Q

what does mucous line

A

Lines the passages to the outside world
Hollow organs

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45
Q

What does serous line

A

The interior cavities of our body
-covers thoracic and abdominal organs

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46
Q

What are the three different major layers of tissue in the heart wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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47
Q

What is the epicardium the same as

A

The same as the visceral layer of the pericardium

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48
Q

What is the myocardium

A

Middle muscular layer forming atria and ventricles
Composed of cardiac muscles
Also includes blood vessels and nerves

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49
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Covers all inner surfaces
Composed of simple squamous epithelial tissue and underlying areoler tissue

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50
Q

What are the atria

A

Thin-walled muscle
Auricles are extension of atria that hold extra blood
Pump blood to ventricles

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51
Q

What are the two ventricles

A

Thick-walled muscle

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52
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood two

A

Lungs

53
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to

A

The body

54
Q

What vessels carry blood to the atria

A

Veins
- Superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- Pulmonary veins

55
Q

What vessels carry blood away from the ventricles

A

Arteries
- aorta
- pulmonary trunk leading to left and right pulmonary arteries

56
Q

Both the left and right pulmonary veins enter the…

A

Left atrium

57
Q

Both the superior and inferior vena cava enter the…

A

Right atrium

58
Q

Blood flow between chambers or arteries is regulated by…

A

Fibrous valves

59
Q

What are the two types of valves

A

AV and semilunar

60
Q

What valves are between the atria and ventricles

A

Right atrioventricular valve
Left atrioventricular valve

61
Q

What valves are between ventricles and arteries

A

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve

62
Q

What separates the ventricles

A

Inter-ventricular septum

63
Q

Blood flow to the atria

A
  • superior and inferior vena cava (from the body) —> right atrium
  • pulmonary veins (from lungs) —> left atrium
64
Q

From the atria, how does blood travel to the ventricles

A
  • right atrium pumps blood through the right AV valve (tricuspid) to the right ventricle
  • left atrium pumps blood through the left AV valve (bicuspid) to the left ventricle
65
Q

Where does blood flow from the ventricles

A
  • right ventricle —> pulmonary trunk (to lungs)
  • left ventricle —> aorta (to body)
66
Q

Right structures are oxygen-________

A

Poor

67
Q

Left structures are oxygen-_______

A

Rich

68
Q

The valves are a part of the _________ __________ of the heart

A

Fibrous skeleton

69
Q

The fibrous skeleton consist of

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

70
Q

What are the four main functions of the fibrous skeleton

A
  • Control of blood flow through the heart
  • Structural support for the heart
  • Gives the muscle cells something to pull against
  • Electrical insulation between chambers helps regulate the heartbeat
71
Q

AV valves consist of

A

Cusps of dense irregular connective tissue

72
Q

Valve cusps are attached to _____ ______ by ______ _____

A

Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae

73
Q

Semilunar valves consist of

A

Three cusps of dense irregular connective tissue with no muscular attachment

74
Q

Backflow of blood from arteries fills cusps and results in

A

Semilunar valves closing

75
Q

Coronary arteries deliver blood ____ heart tissue

A

TO

76
Q

Coronary veins drain blood _____ heart tissue

A

FROM

77
Q

What are the two types of cardiac cells

A

Working cardiomyocytes (muscle)
Conductive cardiomyocytes (pacemaker cells)

78
Q

Factors of working cardiomyocytes

A

Striated, branched, can be excited by conductive cardiomyocytes and can excite each other, can contract

79
Q

What are factors of conductive cardiomyocytes (pacemaker cells)

A

Function in spontaneously initiating and communicating action potentials

80
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

81
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is in the heart

A

Cardiac

82
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

A collection of proteins that connect cardiac cells at branch points

83
Q

What are two structural components

A
  1. Desosomes
  2. Gap Junctions
84
Q

What are desmosomes

A
  • provide a physical connection
  • allows muscle cells to pull on each other without damaging membrane
85
Q

What are gap junctions

A
  • provide cytoplasmic connection
  • made of proteins that are non-specific, leak channels
  • allows sodium to diffuse between cells during depolarization
  • results in excitation of neighboring cells and propagation of action potentials
86
Q

Conductive and working cells initiate and help regulate a _______

A

Heartbeat

87
Q

How do the conductive and working cells initiate and regulate heartbeats

A

Causes an action potential to initiate in atria, down the ventricles base and then up the ventricle sides

88
Q

What does the conduction system include

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Purkinje fibers

89
Q

What are considered the main pacemaker and where are they located

A

the SA node, in the right atria

90
Q

What does the depolarization of SA node cells result in

A

Excitation (then contraction) of surrounding muscle cells in the atria only
- excited 60-100 times per minute
- electrical signal can pass to neighboring cardiomyocytes of atria
- electrical signal cannot pass directly into ventricles due to fibrous skeleton

91
Q

Do the SA node cells have a stable RMP

A

NO
This results in pacemaker potential

92
Q

What channels allow cations to diffuse in the cell during pacemaker action potentials

A

Leak-like channels
- these channels result in depolarization to threshold WITHOUT neuronal excitation = auto-rhythmic

93
Q

What happens after the conductive cells reach threshold

A

Ions travel via gap junctions and excite surrounding cardiomyocytes

94
Q

A sustained contraction (and extended refractory period) is due to

A

slow-opening calcium channels

95
Q

Step 1 of an action potential of a ventricular muscle (contractile cell): Rapid depolarization

A

Cause Na+ entry
Duration 3-5 msec
Ends with: Closure of voltage-regulated (fast) sodium channels

96
Q

Step 2 of an action potential of a ventricular muscle (contractile cell): The Plateau

A

Causes Ca2+ entry
Duration: ~175 msec
Ends with: Closure of slow calcium channels

97
Q

Step 3 of an action potential of a ventricular muscle: repolarization

A

Cause: K+ loss
Duration: 75 msec
Ends with: Closure of slow potassium channels

98
Q

Does ventricular muscle have a stable resting membrane potential or a threshold?

A

Stable RMP
No threshold

99
Q

The AV node is the _____ _____ into the ventricles

A

“Electrical Gateway”
(Only way to get from atria to ventricles)

100
Q

What do atrioventricular (AV) node cells do

A

SLOW (to let the atria finish contracting) and conduct the action potential to additional conductive cells of the ventricles
- if the SA node fails, conductive cells in the atria and AV node can take over pacing (40-80 times per minute)
- conduct the action potential to the base of the ventricles

101
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular bundle

A

If all higher pacing systems fail, the bundle branches can pace at 40-60 times per minute

102
Q

What do purkinje fiber cells do

A

Conduct the action potential to muscle cells of the ventricle walls
- if all higher pacing systems fail, purkinje cells can pace at 20-40 times per minute

103
Q

The following events occur during contraction

A
  • cells of the SA node trigger an action potential
  • action potential passes through the two atria, causing contraction
    - this is also called atrial systole (diastole is relaxed)
  • action potential depolarizes the cells of the AV node
    - this is also called ventricular systole
  • action potential propagates down the AV bundle cells
  • action potential propagates throughout the ventricles, causing contraction from bottom up (toward the major vessels)
  • process begins again… and again… and again…
104
Q

What do Electrocardiograms (ECG) measure

A

Small changes in voltage between the heart and the rest of the body
- NOT the same as an action potential, but a result of ion movement during ALL action potentials of a heartbeat

105
Q

(IN ECGs) Electrical signal _____ contractions by _____

A

Precedes
Milliseconds

106
Q

What are the three parts of the ECGs

A

P wave, QRS and T wave

107
Q

What happens during the P wave

A

Atria muscle depolarize
- atria contract at PR segment

108
Q

What happens during the QRS segment of the ECG

A

Ventricle depolarize
- ventricle contract at ST segment

109
Q

What happens during the T wave of the ECG

A

Ventricles repolarize

110
Q

What are the steps of ECG and Heart Contraction

A
  1. Atria begin depolarizing
  2. Atrial depolarization complete
  3. Ventricular depolarization begins at apex and progresses superiorly as atria repolarize
  4. Ventricular depolarization complete
  5. Ventricular repolarization begins at apex and progresses superiorly
  6. Ventricular repolarization complete; heart is ready for next cycle
111
Q

For a fixed volume of fluid pressure depends on the..

A

Volume of the space it occupies
Large space = lower pressure
Small space = high pressure
- as the size of the space changes so does the pressure
- think of heart chambers as a space containing fluid

112
Q

What will happen to blood flow if there is no pressure difference

A

It will stop flowing

113
Q

Relaxation relates to diastole or systole

A

Diastole
- space of the chamber increases, volume of the fluid is the same

114
Q

Contraction relates to diastole or systole

A

systole
- space of the chamber decreases, volume of the fluid is the same

115
Q

What is phase 1 of the cardiac cycle

A

The Quiescent Period

116
Q

What is phase 2 of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial Systole

117
Q

What is phase 3 of the cardiac cycle

A

Isovolumetric contraction

118
Q

What is phase 4 of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular Ejection

119
Q

What is phase 5 of the cardiac cycle

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

120
Q

What happens during phase 1/the quiescent period of the cardiac cycle

A
  • aka ventricular filling phase
  • atria/ventricles are in diastole
    - pressure in vessels is higher than pressure in chambers
  • blood fills from veins, through atria and to ventricles
    • ventricles contain about 90mL of blood at this point
      - some blood was leftover in ventricules from previous contraction
      - NOT maximum capacity of ventricle
  • SA node cells are depolarizing (not to threshold, yet)
121
Q

What happens during Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle (Atrial Systole)

A
  • SA node depolarizes to threshold
    • triggers action potential across the atria
  • the atria contract (systole)
    • pressure is greater in the atria compared to ventricles
  • blood is forced into the ventricles
    • ~40 mL more blood
    • 90 mL + 40mL = 130 mL total
    • END-DIASTOLIC VOLUME (EDV)
122
Q

What happens during phase 3 of the cardiac cycle (Isovolumetric contraction)

A
  • Atria enter diastole (lower pressure than veins)
    • begin refilling with blood
  • Ventricles depolarize and begin to contract (in early systole
    • Pressure increases in the ventricle
    • Blood forces the AV valves closed
    • Makes first heart sound
  • Blood DOES NOT leave the ventricles (?)
123
Q

During what phase of the cardiac cycle does the first heart sound (S1) occur

A

Phase 3: Isovolumetric Contraction

124
Q

What happens during phase 4 of the cardiac cycle (ventricular ejection)

A
  • Ventricles fully contracted (in full systole)
  • Pressure in ventricles is greater than pressure in arteries and atria
    • forces pulmonary/aortic valves open while AV stay closed
    • blood leaves through arteries
    • only ~70 mL of blood leaves (stroke volume)
    • ~60mL left behind
      • END-SYSTOLIC VOLUME (ESV)
  • Atria are still in diastole (lower pressure than veins)
    • continue to fill with blood
125
Q

What happens during phase 5 of the cardiac cycle (Isovolumetric relaxation)

A
  • ventricles repolarize and relax (in diastole)
  • pressure decreases in ventricle
    • pressure in pulmonary artery and aorta is greater
    • blood tries to flow back, but valves shut and prevent this
    • Makes second heart sound (S2)
  • Both sets of valves are still closed so volume of blood in ventricles does not change
    • Isovolumetric relaxation
  • As ventricles continue to relax, pressure drops. When ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure, AV valves open
126
Q

During what phase does the second heart sound occur

A

Phase 5: Isovolumetric relaxation

127
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute
- Heart rate (bpm) X Stroke volume (mL/beat)
- can be altered by increasing or decreasing stroke volume

128
Q

What are 3 main factors affecting stroke volume

A

Preload
- strength of cardiac tissue prior to contraction
Contractility
- strength of myocardiocyte contraction
After load
- pressure required to eject blood to arteries

Biol163 (7 decks)

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