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Biol163 > FINAL: Immunity > Flashcards

FINAL: Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the flow of lymph

A

Interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries, gets filtered by white blood cells in lymph nodes, and transported back to the bloodstream at the left and right subclavian veins

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2
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

Exist as a part of the immune system and filter bodily fluids
Also mobilizes fluid

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3
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

They house the white blood cells that help with immunity

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4
Q

What are the tonsils

A

Located in the head and neck region, additional clusters of lymphatic tissue

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5
Q

What is the thymus gland

A

“College for T-cells”
Where t-cells go to learn to make sure that they are good t-cells
Located in the chest

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6
Q

What is the function of the spleen

A

Recognizes old RBCs and pulls them out of circulation and filters the blood

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7
Q

What are sinuses

A

Spaces in lymph nodes that contain white blood cells
- capillaries provide oxygen and nutrients for the cells

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8
Q

Where are blood stem cells made

A

Red bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the difference between the common lymphoid stem cell line and the common myeloid stem cell line

A

Lymphoid: creates natural killer and small lymphocyte cells (t and b)
Myeloid: creates all other RBCs, WBCs and platelets

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10
Q

What is a pathogen

A

They are varied and cause disease/infection in a host organism
Ex: viruses and bacteria

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11
Q

What is a virus

A

Multi-celled but can only reproduce inside a plant, animal or person

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12
Q

What is bacteria

A

Tiny one-celled creatures that can live inside and outside the body

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13
Q

Where do bacterial infections occur

A

In the extracellular areas (such as in the bloodstream)
- they tend to make you sick from the immune response, or toxins produced by the bacteria

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14
Q

Where do virus infections occur

A

They occur in our cells, they change the DNA so that they can reproduce

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15
Q

What are the two ways that our body deals with pathogens

A

Specific and non-specific responses

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16
Q

What are specific responses

A

Attack a specific identified pathogen
- cell-mediated immunity or antibody-mediated immunity
Target a single pathogen and result in future protection (immunity)

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17
Q

What are non-specific responses

A

Attack any pathogen
- external barriers, phagocytosis cells, natural killer cells, fever, inflammation

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18
Q

What is an antigen

A

Molecules that have the potential to generate antibodies (create immune responses)
- most commonly proteins or carbohydrates found in the plasma membrane, envelope (virus) or cell wall of pathogens
- antibodies only interact with specific antigens
- exist on the surface of microorganisms like bacteria and viruses

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19
Q

What are “self-antigens”

A

They exist, but typically do not trigger a response
- t-cells that respond to self-antigens are destroyed

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20
Q

What happens if a self-antigen triggers an immune response?

A

Autoimmune disease

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21
Q

What does blood type describe

A

The antigens in our RBCs
- there are ~30 types of antigens
- genetic determine your antigens
- 2 major types:
- ABO (sugar)
- Rh (protein)
- often represented as + for present or - for absent

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22
Q

What are the ways that antigens are recognized by our immune system

A

Antibodies and B cells (with antibodies on their surface): can directly bind to antigens on the surface of the pathogens
T-cells: need the antigen to be engulfed, processed and presented by phagocytic or infected cells

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23
Q

Non-specific Defense: External Barriers

A
  • integumentary system (skin): dryness, acidity
  • mucous membranes: trap pathogens
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24
Q

Non-specific Defense: Phagocytic cells

A
  • remove pathogens by engulfing them
  • includes dendritic cells and macrophages, which are critical to specific immunity because they present antigens they engulf
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25
Q

Non-specific defense: Natural Killer Cells

A

Recognize certain types of abnormal antigens presented by cells in viruses
Results in destruction of the infected cell

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26
Q

Non-specific defense: Fever

A
  • increase in body temperature
  • caused by pyrogens (chemicals)
    • proteins released during phagocytosis
    • results in brain “resetting” body’s thermostat
  • increases metabolism to speed up the immune response
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27
Q

How does aspirin/ibuprofen/acetiminophen reduce fevers

A

They prevent pyrogens from sending messages to the brain

28
Q

What is inflammation

A

Fluid build up from excess blood and immune cells and repair cells
- Body’s response to damage / infection

29
Q

Specific Defense: Cell-mediated immunity

A

Going after cells that are already infected with the virus, goes after pathogens inside a cell
Infected cells (antigen-presenting cells) activate and are killed by cytotoxic T-cells

30
Q

Specific Defense: antibody-mediated immunity

A

Provided by the B-cells, antibodies are working out in the plasma and in the bodies fluids
Antigens activate the production of antibodies by B-cells

31
Q

If we cut our finger and a pathogen enters our body, what is possibility 1? (All of these can happen simultaneously)

A

Pathogen enters extra-cellular space and gets sucked into vessels. Then travels to lymph nodes and can interact with B cells

32
Q

If we cut our finger and a pathogen enters our body, what is possibility 2? (All of these can happen simultaneously)

A

Pathogen is engulfed by macrophages at the site of injury, macrophages are cleaning up debris from damage

33
Q

If we cut our finger and a pathogen enters our body, what is possibility 3? (All of these can happen simultaneously)

A

Pathogens “trick” our cells and gain entry into cytoplasm. Can then use cels to make more pathogens = infected cells

34
Q

What do both cell-mediated and antibody mediated immune responses require

A

Helper t-cells, to coordinate and activate the other cells
Helper t-cells are activated by macrophages (antigen-presenting cells)

35
Q

What is step 1 of the immune response

A

Both infected cells and the “professional” antigen-presenting cells “show” or “present” antigens to cells of the immune system
Presented on 1 of 2 types of MHC proteins: class I and class II
Although both classes present antigens they use proteins that affect the type of cell that can recognize them

36
Q

What does MHC mean

A

Major histocompatibility complex
- family of protein complexes specialized for presenting antigens

37
Q

What is the difference between class I and class II MHC proteins

A

Class I: found on all nucleated cells
Class II: found only on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

38
Q

What are examples of “professional” antigen-presenting cells

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

39
Q

How do MHC class II cells work

A

(The “professional” APCs)
They engulf foreign antigens in the body and present them, they are NOT infected
- when class II cells present an antigen the message is… “HEY LOOK WHAT I FOUND. ITS A FOREIGN ANTIGEN. FIND AND DESTROY IT.”
- they are ONLY recognized by helper t-cells
- this activates the helper t-cells for the specific antigen

40
Q

How do MHC class I cells work

A

(They are all other nucleated cells)
They present antigens when they have become infected
- when class I cells present a foreign antigen, the message is… “HELP - IM INFECTED!!! KILL ME!!!”
- these cells are only recognized by cytotoxic T cells
- cytotoxic T cells are activated to kill cells displaying a specific antigen
- infected cells are targeted for destruction

41
Q

What cells recognize MHC class II cells

A

Helper T-cells
- this activates helper t-cells for the specific antigen

42
Q

What cells recognize MHC class I cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells
- they are activated to kill cells displaying a specific antigen
- infected cells are targeted for destruction

43
Q

What is step 2 of the immune response

A

Activation of helper T cells
(This step is required to activate ALL immune responses)
- start with inactive Th (helper) cell
- inactive helper T cell binds antigen presented by class II cells (macrophages)
- activated helper T cell divides
- activated helper T cell secretes cytokines
- activation also causes differentiation of memory helper T cells

44
Q

What are cytokines

A

Small proteins that cause changes in many cell types
- help stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells
- help stimulate non-specific responses

45
Q

What are memory helper T cells

A

They are stored in the lymph nodes
They cause a faster response during the next encounter with the same antigen

46
Q

What are all of the steps of the immune response called

A

1: Antigen Presentation
2: Activation of helper T cells
3: Activation of cytotoxic T cells
4: B cell activation
THESE ARE ALL OCCURING SIMULTANEOUSLY SINCE ANTIGENS INTERACT WITH SEVERAL CELLS

47
Q

What happens in step 3 of the immune response

A

Activation of cytotoxic T cells
- occurs at the same time that helper T cells are being activated, but requires cells for full activation
- initiates-cell mediated immunity -> cytotoxic T cells start killing infected cells
- start with inactive T cells
- inactive cytotoxic T cells bind to antigen presented by class I cells (infected cells)
- activated cytotoxic T cells divide to create specific army of cells
- activated cytotoxic T cells attack infected cells (class I) with the same presented antigen
- results in cell lysis (breaking open)
- activation also causes differentiation of memory cytotoxic T cells

48
Q

Where are memory T cells stored

A

Lymph nodes

49
Q

What occurs in step 4 of the immune response

A

B cell activation
happens at the same time as other responses
- B cells have antibody receptors for specific antigens on cell surface
- sensitization -> receptor binds antigen, engulfs and presents on MHC II
- activation -> bind to helper T cells activated with the same antigen, “co-stimulation”
- this is a required step to prevent accidental activation
- produce plasma cells -> make and secrete antibodies
- produce memory B cells -> faster response if exposed to antigen again

50
Q

What are the modes of action for antibodies

A

Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitiation

51
Q

What is neutralization

A

When antibodies bind to part of antigen that is toxic
mode of action for antibodies

52
Q

What is agglutination

A

When antibodies bind to multiple antigens, causing them to stick together and prevents transport throughout the body
- improved phagocytosis due to prescience of bound antibodies

53
Q

What is precipitation

A

When antigens are precipitated through body fluids

54
Q

Specific resistance recap

A
  • specific response occurs in lymph nodes
  • immunity creates memory of disease
    • memory T and B cells
    • both cellular and antibody response
  • vaccines also generate immunological memory
    • stimulate immune response using dead antigen or attenuated viruses
55
Q

What cells are required to activate helper t-cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells

56
Q

How do Class I vs Class II cells differ?

A

Class I: all nucleated cells
Class II: only APCs

57
Q

What cells recognize class I cells and class II cells?

A

Class I: Cytotoxic t-cells
Class II: helper t-cells

58
Q

Why is co-stimulation of B-cells important

A

Prevents inappropriate B cell activation

59
Q

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets helper T-cells. What are the consequences if helper T-cells do not function?

A

Severe immunodeficiency
Helper T cells -> activate B cells (lose antibody-mediated immunity)
Helper T cells -> activate cytotoxic T cells (lose cell-mediated immunity)

60
Q

Antibody A is interacting with the same antigen as antibody B.
True or False

A

False

61
Q

Which statement below is correct?
A. Antigens are typically larger than pathogens
B. Antigens are cell membrane / wall components that can trigger an immune response
C. Antigens need to be engulfed by cells for antibodies to bind to them

A

B. Antigens are cell membrane / wall components that can trigger an immune response

62
Q

Which of the following is an NOT an example of a non-specific defense? Why?
A. Antibodies binding to the antigens of an invading pathogen
B. Natural killer cells attacking abnormal cells
C. The mucous membrane of your nose
D. Phagocytosis

A

A. Antibodies binding to the antigens of an invading pathogen

63
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

The process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle

64
Q

Often, a fever is accompanied by chills and shivering. Thinking about muscles, why would shivering (and being under a big pile of blankets) be an important mechanism involved with the early stages of fever?
A. As the body heats, involuntary muscle contractions occur
B. The muscle contractions of shivering help to raise body temperature
C. Shivering helps to counteract the raising body temperature

A

B. The muscle contractions of shivering help to raise body temperature

65
Q

We have mentioned that there are Class I and Class II cells that interact with different immune cells because of surface proteins. What would happen if a Class II cell could be recognized by the same cells as Class I cells?
A. Cytotoxic T-cells would only targeted infected cells
B. Macrophages would be unharmed by cytotoxic T-cells
C. Macrophages would be killed by cytotoxic T-cells
D. Helper T-cells would kill infected cells

A

C. Macrophages would be killed by cytotoxic T-cells

66
Q

True or False: Activated Helper T cells are required for both the cellular and antibody-mediated immune responses.

A

True

Biol163 (7 decks)

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