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Biol163 > FINAL: Immunity > Flashcards

FINAL: Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the flow of lymph

A

Interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries, gets filtered by white blood cells in lymph nodes, and transported back to the bloodstream at the left and right subclavian veins

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2
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

Exist as a part of the immune system and filter bodily fluids
Also mobilizes fluid

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3
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

They house the white blood cells that help with immunity

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4
Q

What are the tonsils

A

Located in the head and neck region, additional clusters of lymphatic tissue

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5
Q

What is the thymus gland

A

“College for T-cells”
Where t-cells go to learn to make sure that they are good t-cells
Located in the chest

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6
Q

What is the function of the spleen

A

Recognizes old RBCs and pulls them out of circulation and filters the blood

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7
Q

What are sinuses

A

Spaces in lymph nodes that contain white blood cells
- capillaries provide oxygen and nutrients for the cells

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8
Q

Where are blood stem cells made

A

Red bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the difference between the common lymphoid stem cell line and the common myeloid stem cell line

A

Lymphoid: creates natural killer and small lymphocyte cells (t and b)
Myeloid: creates all other RBCs, WBCs and platelets

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10
Q

What is a pathogen

A

They are varied and cause disease/infection in a host organism
Ex: viruses and bacteria

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11
Q

What is a virus

A

Multi-celled but can only reproduce inside a plant, animal or person

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12
Q

What is bacteria

A

Tiny one-celled creatures that can live inside and outside the body

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13
Q

Where do bacterial infections occur

A

In the extracellular areas (such as in the bloodstream)
- they tend to make you sick from the immune response, or toxins produced by the bacteria

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14
Q

Where do virus infections occur

A

They occur in our cells, they change the DNA so that they can reproduce

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15
Q

What are the two ways that our body deals with pathogens

A

Specific and non-specific responses

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16
Q

What are specific responses

A

Attack a specific identified pathogen
- cell-mediated immunity or antibody-mediated immunity
Target a single pathogen and result in future protection (immunity)

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17
Q

What are non-specific responses

A

Attack any pathogen
- external barriers, phagocytosis cells, natural killer cells, fever, inflammation

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18
Q

What is an antigen

A

Molecules that have the potential to generate antibodies (create immune responses)
- most commonly proteins or carbohydrates found in the plasma membrane, envelope (virus) or cell wall of pathogens
- antibodies only interact with specific antigens
- exist on the surface of microorganisms like bacteria and viruses

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19
Q

What are “self-antigens”

A

They exist, but typically do not trigger a response
- t-cells that respond to self-antigens are destroyed

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20
Q

What happens if a self-antigen triggers an immune response?

A

Autoimmune disease

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21
Q

What does blood type describe

A

The antigens in our RBCs
- there are ~30 types of antigens
- genetic determine your antigens
- 2 major types:
- ABO (sugar)
- Rh (protein)
- often represented as + for present or - for absent

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22
Q

What are the ways that antigens are recognized by our immune system

A

Antibodies and B cells (with antibodies on their surface): can directly bind to antigens on the surface of the pathogens
T-cells: need the antigen to be engulfed, processed and presented by phagocytic or infected cells

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23
Q

Non-specific Defense: External Barriers

A
  • integumentary system (skin): dryness, acidity
  • mucous membranes: trap pathogens
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24
Q

Non-specific Defense: Phagocytic cells

A
  • remove pathogens by engulfing them
  • includes dendritic cells and macrophages, which are critical to specific immunity because they present antigens they engulf
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25
Non-specific defense: Natural Killer Cells
Recognize certain types of abnormal antigens presented by cells in viruses Results in destruction of the infected cell
26
Non-specific defense: Fever
- increase in body temperature - caused by pyrogens (chemicals) - proteins released during phagocytosis - results in brain “resetting” body’s thermostat - increases metabolism to speed up the immune response
27
How does aspirin/ibuprofen/acetiminophen reduce fevers
They prevent pyrogens from sending messages to the brain
28
What is inflammation
Fluid build up from excess blood and immune cells and repair cells - Body’s response to damage / infection
29
Specific Defense: Cell-mediated immunity
Going after cells that are already infected with the virus, goes after pathogens inside a cell Infected cells (antigen-presenting cells) activate and are killed by cytotoxic T-cells
30
Specific Defense: antibody-mediated immunity
Provided by the B-cells, antibodies are working out in the plasma and in the bodies fluids Antigens activate the production of antibodies by B-cells
31
If we cut our finger and a pathogen enters our body, what is possibility 1? (All of these can happen simultaneously)
Pathogen enters extra-cellular space and gets sucked into vessels. Then travels to lymph nodes and can interact with B cells
32
If we cut our finger and a pathogen enters our body, what is possibility 2? (All of these can happen simultaneously)
Pathogen is engulfed by macrophages at the site of injury, macrophages are cleaning up debris from damage
33
If we cut our finger and a pathogen enters our body, what is possibility 3? (All of these can happen simultaneously)
Pathogens “trick” our cells and gain entry into cytoplasm. Can then use cels to make more pathogens = infected cells
34
What do both cell-mediated and antibody mediated immune responses require
Helper t-cells, to coordinate and activate the other cells Helper t-cells are activated by macrophages (antigen-presenting cells)
35
What is step 1 of the immune response
Both infected cells and the “professional” antigen-presenting cells “show” or “present” antigens to cells of the immune system Presented on 1 of 2 types of MHC proteins: class I and class II Although both classes present antigens they use proteins that affect the type of cell that can recognize them
36
What does MHC mean
Major histocompatibility complex - family of protein complexes specialized for presenting antigens
37
What is the difference between class I and class II MHC proteins
Class I: found on all nucleated cells Class II: found only on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
38
What are examples of “professional” antigen-presenting cells
Macrophages and dendritic cells
39
How do MHC class II cells work
(The “professional” APCs) They engulf foreign antigens in the body and present them, they are NOT infected - when class II cells present an antigen the message is… “HEY LOOK WHAT I FOUND. ITS A FOREIGN ANTIGEN. FIND AND DESTROY IT.” - they are ONLY recognized by helper t-cells - this activates the helper t-cells for the specific antigen
40
How do MHC class I cells work
(They are all other nucleated cells) They present antigens when they have become infected - when class I cells present a foreign antigen, the message is… “HELP - IM INFECTED!!! KILL ME!!!” - these cells are only recognized by cytotoxic T cells - cytotoxic T cells are activated to kill cells displaying a specific antigen - infected cells are targeted for destruction
41
What cells recognize MHC class II cells
Helper T-cells - this activates helper t-cells for the specific antigen
42
What cells recognize MHC class I cells
Cytotoxic T cells - they are activated to kill cells displaying a specific antigen - infected cells are targeted for destruction
43
What is step 2 of the immune response
Activation of helper T cells (This step is required to activate ALL immune responses) - start with inactive Th (helper) cell - inactive helper T cell binds antigen presented by class II cells (macrophages) - activated helper T cell divides - activated helper T cell secretes cytokines - activation also causes differentiation of memory helper T cells
44
What are cytokines
Small proteins that cause changes in many cell types - help stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells - help stimulate non-specific responses
45
What are memory helper T cells
They are stored in the lymph nodes They cause a faster response during the next encounter with the same antigen
46
What are all of the steps of the immune response called
1: Antigen Presentation 2: Activation of helper T cells 3: Activation of cytotoxic T cells 4: B cell activation **THESE ARE ALL OCCURING SIMULTANEOUSLY SINCE ANTIGENS INTERACT WITH SEVERAL CELLS**
47
What happens in step 3 of the immune response
Activation of cytotoxic T cells - occurs at the same time that helper T cells are being activated, but requires cells for full activation - initiates-cell mediated immunity -> cytotoxic T cells start killing infected cells - start with inactive T cells - inactive cytotoxic T cells bind to antigen presented by class I cells (infected cells) - activated cytotoxic T cells divide to create specific army of cells - activated cytotoxic T cells attack infected cells (class I) with the same presented antigen - results in cell lysis (breaking open) - activation also causes differentiation of memory cytotoxic T cells
48
Where are memory T cells stored
Lymph nodes
49
What occurs in step 4 of the immune response
B cell activation *happens at the same time as other responses* - B cells have antibody receptors for specific antigens on cell surface - sensitization -> receptor binds antigen, engulfs and presents on MHC II - activation -> bind to helper T cells activated with the same antigen, “co-stimulation” - this is a required step to prevent accidental activation - produce plasma cells -> make and secrete antibodies - produce memory B cells -> faster response if exposed to antigen again
50
What are the modes of action for antibodies
Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitiation
51
What is neutralization
When antibodies bind to part of antigen that is toxic *mode of action for antibodies*
52
What is agglutination
When antibodies bind to multiple antigens, causing them to stick together and prevents transport throughout the body - improved phagocytosis due to prescience of bound antibodies
53
What is precipitation
When antigens are precipitated through body fluids
54
Specific resistance recap
- specific response occurs in lymph nodes - immunity creates memory of disease - memory T and B cells - both cellular and antibody response - vaccines also generate immunological memory - stimulate immune response using dead antigen or attenuated viruses
55
What cells are required to activate helper t-cells?
Antigen presenting cells
56
How do Class I vs Class II cells differ?
Class I: all nucleated cells Class II: only APCs
57
What cells recognize class I cells and class II cells?
Class I: Cytotoxic t-cells Class II: helper t-cells
58
Why is co-stimulation of B-cells important
Prevents inappropriate B cell activation
59
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets helper T-cells. What are the consequences if helper T-cells do not function?
Severe immunodeficiency Helper T cells -> activate B cells (lose antibody-mediated immunity) Helper T cells -> activate cytotoxic T cells (lose cell-mediated immunity)
60
Antibody A is interacting with the same antigen as antibody B. True or False
False
61
Which statement below is correct? A. Antigens are typically larger than pathogens B. Antigens are cell membrane / wall components that can trigger an immune response C. Antigens need to be engulfed by cells for antibodies to bind to them
B. Antigens are cell membrane / wall components that can trigger an immune response
62
Which of the following is an NOT an example of a non-specific defense? Why? A. Antibodies binding to the antigens of an invading pathogen B. Natural killer cells attacking abnormal cells C. The mucous membrane of your nose D. Phagocytosis
A. Antibodies binding to the antigens of an invading pathogen
63
What is phagocytosis
The process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle
64
Often, a fever is accompanied by chills and shivering. Thinking about muscles, why would shivering (and being under a big pile of blankets) be an important mechanism involved with the early stages of fever? A. As the body heats, involuntary muscle contractions occur B. The muscle contractions of shivering help to raise body temperature C. Shivering helps to counteract the raising body temperature
B. The muscle contractions of shivering help to raise body temperature
65
We have mentioned that there are Class I and Class II cells that interact with different immune cells because of surface proteins. What would happen if a Class II cell could be recognized by the same cells as Class I cells? A. Cytotoxic T-cells would only targeted infected cells B. Macrophages would be unharmed by cytotoxic T-cells C. Macrophages would be killed by cytotoxic T-cells D. Helper T-cells would kill infected cells
C. Macrophages would be killed by cytotoxic T-cells
66
True or False: Activated Helper T cells are required for both the cellular and antibody-mediated immune responses.
True

Biol163 (7 decks)

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