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Biol163 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average heart rate

A

75 beats/minute

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2
Q

Without the nervous system control the heart would beat about…

A

100 beats/minute (intrinsic SA node depolarization rate due to leak channels)

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3
Q

Why would there be a difference in heart rate without the nervous system control?

A

The autonomic nervous system modulates SA node activity

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4
Q

Visceral motor responses are initiated from…

A

Internurons in “brain centers”

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5
Q

A center is a collection of interneurons that _____ _____ input about a specific function and create ______ ______ to alter that function

A

Receive sensory
Motor output

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6
Q

Cardiovascular control centers include…

A

Cardiac control (heart)
- cardioacceleratory center
- cardioinibitory center
Vasomotor center

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7
Q

Together the cardiac control and vasomotor center regulate ..

A

Blood pressure and heart function

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8
Q

Interneurons of the cardiioacceleratory center will lead to an

A

Increase in heart rate

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9
Q

Postganglionic neuron of the cardioacceletory system secretes

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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10
Q

Adrenergic receptors (in the cardioacceletory system) on cells of the SA node bind to…

A

Norepinephrine, causing an increased rate of action potentials of SA node

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11
Q

Interneurons of the cardioinhibitory center will lead to..

A

A decrease in heart rate

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12
Q

Visceral motor neurons are a part of what system

A

The parasympathetic system

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13
Q

Postganglionic neurons of the cardioinhibitory systems secrete..

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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14
Q

Cholinergic receptors on cells (in the cardioinhibitory center) of the SA node bind to

A

ACh
- this allows potassium to leave the cell - hyperpolarizing reaction
- rate of action potentials decrease

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15
Q

Sensory input is integrated to create..

A

Motor output to SA node

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16
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

Sensory input from muscles and tendons
- informs brain on changes in physical activity

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17
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

Sensory input from blood vessels
- informs brain on changes to pressure in vessels

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18
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Sensory input from blood vessel
- informs brain on changes carbon dioxide or oxygen levels in the blood
- important in respiratory system, but has some affect on heart rate

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19
Q

_____ _____ paths are associated with heart rate

A

Visceral motor

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20
Q

Blood vessels are dynamic structures that control…

A

The delivery of blood to/from body tissues

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21
Q

What is the function of arteries and what are examples of arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart
- elastic arteries
- muscular arteries
- arterioles

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22
Q

What are capillaries

A

Thinnest type of blood vessel involved in gas exchange

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23
Q

What is the function of veins and examples of veins

A

Returns blood to the heart
- venules
- small veins
- large veins

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24
Q

The largest volume of blood is located in the…

A

Veins and venules

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25
Q

What are the three layers of tissue that make up most blood vessels

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

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26
Q

What is the tunica intima

A

Similar structure to anatomical membranes
Consists of one layer of epithelial cells (endothelium) and thin layer of connective tissue (subendothelial layer)
Arteries only: internal elastic membrane
Inner layer

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27
Q

The endothelium is a _______ _______ ________

A

Selectively permeable barrier
- cells regulate what enters/exits bloodstream
- smooth surface normally repels blood cells and platelets

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28
Q

What is the tunica media

A

Middle layer
Smooth muscle layer
Elastic fibers (in arteries only!)

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29
Q

What is vasomotion and what controls it

A

Contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle
- smooth muscle controls vasomotion, especially in arteries

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30
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Contraction of tunica media

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31
Q

What is vasodilation

A

Relaxation of tunica media

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32
Q

Smooth muscle cells have an internal network of _____ and ______ connected to ______ _______

A

Actin
Myosin
Dense bodies

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33
Q

What is seen at an internal view of smooth muscle

A

Network of myosin and actin connected at dense bodies (collection of proteins, like z-disks)

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34
Q

What is seen at the surface view of smooth muscle (relaxed)

A

Dense bodies also connect to network of intermediate filaments (provide “skeleton” for cells) AND to neighboring cells

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35
Q

What is seen on smooth muscle during contraction

A

Myosin and actin interact when calcium levels increase, resulting in contraction

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36
Q

How is smooth muscle excited

A

It is excited by neurotransmitters released from autonomic efferent neurons into diffuse junctions

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37
Q

Action potentials from ANS result in…

A

Excitation of many smooth muscle cells… this is different from skeletal muscle

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38
Q

What is the tunica externa

A

The outermost layer
Connective tissue with mostly COLLAGEN
Anchor vessel to surrounding tissues
Vasa vasorum - vessels of the vessels

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39
Q

What are the three types of arteries

A

Elastic, muscular and arterioles

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40
Q

What do elastic arteries act as

A

Pressure reservoirs
(Expand and recoil as heart ejects blood)

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41
Q

What are muscular arteries

A

Deliver blood to specific body organs
More muscle in tunica media - responsible for vasoconstriction

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42
Q

What are arterioles

A

Smallest artery = many only have two layers
Feed into capillary beds
Vasoconstriction/dialation control blood flow into capillary beds
Blood within arterioles has lots of resistance - also called resistance vessels

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43
Q

What are aneurysms

A

A balloon like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel due to weakened arterial walls
- may be heredity or acquired

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44
Q

What is scurvy

A

A nutritional deficiency
Lack of vitamin C in diet disrupts proper production of collagen
- results in weakened blood vessels - spontaneous bruising
- also swollen gums (same reason as above) and loss of teeth (collagen is important in bone/teeth health)

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45
Q

What do capillaries connect

A

Arterioles and venules

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46
Q

Capillaries are the major site of exchange between…

A

Blood and tissues

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47
Q

Only _____ _______ is present to promote rapid diffusion of material from blood into tissue or vice versa

A

Tunica intima

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48
Q

Flow of blood through capillary beds is controlled by…

A

Sphincter muscle cells

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49
Q

Only about _____ of body’s capillary beds are “open” at any given time

A

1/4
This is because capillary beds are “open” (perfused) or “closed” based on contraction of sphincters

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50
Q

What does perfused mean

A

When the capillary beds are open

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51
Q

_______ ________ funnels blood through a “closed” capillary bed

A

Thoroughfare channel

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52
Q

Relaxed _______ ______ allow perfusion of “true capillaries”

A

Precapillary sphincters

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53
Q

What are the two major types of capillaries in our bodies

A

Continuous and fenestrated

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54
Q

What are the most common type of capillary

A

Continuous capillaries

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55
Q

What are some characteristics of continuous capillaries

A

Least permeable
Wall of vessel is a single endothelial cell thick
Cells overlap to make intercellular clefts where some molecules can travel through via diffusion

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56
Q

______ _________ have pores between endothelial cells

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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57
Q

What are some characteristics of fenestrated capillaries

A

Pores between endothelial cells
More permeable
Found in locations where rapid transport is important

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58
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

Locations where rapid transport is important like kidneys and small intenstines

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59
Q

What are some characteristics of sinusoidal capillaries

A

Most permeable
Large fenestrations and incomplete basement membrane
Only found in limited locations like the liver and spleen

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60
Q

Where are sinusodial capillaries found

A

Limited locations like the liver and spleen

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61
Q

Gases and nutrients pass between the blood and interstitial fluid via _________ at capillaries

A

Diffusion

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62
Q

What are the two major routes for diffusion through capillaries

A
  • through a cell
  • through spaces between cells
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63
Q

Does water move across the capillary walls

A

Yes

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64
Q

What is filtration

A

Net movement of water out of capillaries

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65
Q

What is reabsorption

A

Net movement of H2O into capillaries

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66
Q

Direction of water movement depends on

A

Osmosis and hydrostatic (blood) pressure

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67
Q

______ are blood reservoirs (pool blood due to low pressure) that return blood to the heart

A

Veins

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68
Q

Capillaries beds drain into…

A

Venules, medium-sized veins, large veins, heart

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69
Q

What structure ensures one way flow of blood

A

Backflow valves (folds of tunica intima)

70
Q

Blood pressure in venules and medium veins is ______ of that in ascending aorta (largest artery)

A

<10%

71
Q

What is a muscular pump

A

Veins rely on compression from nearby skeletal muscle and valves to push blood against gravity
How it works:
Valves above the contracting muscle open allowing blood to move toward
Valves below the contracting muscle are forced closed, preventing back flow of blood to the capillaries

72
Q

What is a respiratory pump

A

Moves blood toward the heart with pressure changes during inhalation

73
Q

What happens to abdominal pressure during inhalation

A

It increases
Squeezing local veins and forcing blood toward the heart

74
Q

What happens to thoracic pressure during inhalation

A

It decreases
Local veins expand and speed blood entry into right atrium

75
Q

What happens in the respiratory pump during inhalation

A

Increases blood flow into thoracic veins
Decreased intrathoracic pressure
Diaphragm contracts
Blood in the abdominal cavity moves superiorly (compression in veins)
Increased intra-abdominal pressure

76
Q

What happens to the respiratory pump during exhalation

A

Increases blood flow into heart and abdominal veins
Increased intrathoracic pressure
Diaphragm relaxes
Decreased intra-abdominal pressure
Release of compression in abdominal region

77
Q

Malfunctioning valves can lead to

A

Varicose veins

78
Q

What are varicose veins

A

Occurs when blood pools in veins of lower limbs
Causes veins to stretch
Valves cannot completely close causing more pooling of blood
Risk - standing for long periods
Hemorrhoids are varicose veins of the anal canal

79
Q

What is the track of “normal” blood flow

A

Heart -> artery -> capillary (gas & nutrient exchange) -> vein -> heart

80
Q

What are two exceptions to the normal blood flow pattern

A

Portal system
- blood travels to two capillary beds before returning to heart
Anastomosis
- alternative blood routes to bypass a capillary OR several vessels that lead to the same location

81
Q

What is blood pressure

A

The force blood exerts against an arterial wall

82
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

Pressure during ventricular contraction

83
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

Pressure during ventricular relaxation

84
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Average pressure in vessels, important when considering blood flow to present organ failure

85
Q

What is the MAP required for organ function

A

60mmHg

86
Q

What are the three main variables that affect blood pressure

A

Cardiac output, resistance of vessels, and blood volume

87
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Amount of blood the heart (ventricles) pump(s) per minute INTO ARTERIES
CO = HR x SV
- change in heart rate (SA node - sympathetic AND parasympathetic)
- change in stroke volume (change in ventricular myocyte contractility - sympathetic only)

88
Q

What is resistance of blood flow in vessels

A

Combined effect of blood composition, vessel diameter and vessel length
Vessel diameter can change (vasomotion)

89
Q

What is vasomotion

A

Vessel diameter can change

90
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Smaller lumen, higher blood pressure
SYMPATHETIC ACTION

91
Q

What is vasodilation

A

Larger vessels, lower blood pressure
PARASYMPATHETIC ACTION

92
Q

What is blood volume

A

Total volume of blood in the vessels
Includes blood cells, proteins, plasma, etc.
Mainly regulated by the lymphatic system, kidneys, and hormones

93
Q

How does the body maintain blood pressure at rest?

A

Goal at rest is to maintain pressure using a visceral neural circuit
- things like postural changes, hydration state, stress, or disease can alter blood pressure at rest
Sensory input must be gathered
- input from baroreceptors about current pressure in major arteries
- proprioceptors can also provide input, but not important during rest, the situation changes if we consider exercise or times of fight/flight
CNS must integrate sensory input
- occurs at the cardiovascular control center in medulla (CVCC)
Motor output negates any changes away from homeostasis
- example of negative feedback loops

94
Q

The blood pressure neuronal circuit starts with…

A

Sensory input to integrating center (Cardiovascular control center - CVCC)

95
Q

What neurons provide afferent input to cardiovascular centers in the hindbrain

A

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

96
Q

What are baroreceptors (in relation to CVCC)

A

Neurons with mechanically-gated sodium channels in membrane of dendrites
When artery stretches because of an increase in pressure, channels open and neurons depolarize
Rate of action potentials = amount of stretch (more stretch, more action potentials)

97
Q

What is the function of chemoreceptors in relation to the CVCC

A

Important for monitoring pH to control respiration AND cardiac output

98
Q

Visceral motor responses are either sympathetic or parasympathetic depending on..

A

The sensory input

99
Q

When do sympathetic visceral motor responses occur

A

When blood pressure is too low
Visceral motor neurons cause
- increased heart rate
- activation of cardioacceleratory center
- inhibition of cardioinhibitory center
Vasoconstriction
- constriction of blood vessels regulated by sympathetic release of norepinephrine/epinephrine

100
Q

When do parasympathetic visceral motor responses occur

A

Occurs when blood pressure is too high
Visceral motor neurons cause:
- decreased heart rate
- activation of cardioinhibitory center
- inhibition of cardioacceleratory center
Vasodilation
- dilation of blood vessels due to decrease in norepinephrine (lack of secretion)

101
Q

Blood pressure homeostasis summary

A

Motor neurons of the cardiac and vasomotor centers work together to maintain blood pressure homeostasis
Balance between sympathetic action (increased heart rate and vasoconstriction) and parasympathetic action (decreased heart rate and vasodilation)
Blood volume also plays a role, controlled by lymphatic system and kidneys

102
Q

What are the two major fluid compartments that water is distributed between

A

Intracellular (water in cells) and extracellular fluid

103
Q

What are the types of extracellular fluid

A

Interstitial fluid: water between cells of tissue
Plasma: water in blood vessels
Other: water in lymphatic vessels, etc.

104
Q

How does water move through fluid locations?

A

Water transport relies on pressure gradients: hydrostatic gradient and/or osmotic gradient

105
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

Physical force resulting in net movement of fluid (including water) in one direction -» pushes

106
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

Chemical force resulting in net movement of water in one direction -» pulls

107
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a membrane
- dependent on the amount of dissolved “stuff” in water

108
Q

Water diffuses from where its concentration is _____ to where its concentration is ________

A

High (dilute solute), low (concentrated solute)

109
Q

Is there a way to “pump” a molecule of water by active transport

A

No, the body relies on osmotic gradients to “suck” water

110
Q

How does hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure drive the movement of water at capillary beds

A

Hydrostatic pressure “pushes” water
Osmosis “pulls” water to location of higher solute concentration
- driven by proteins in our plasma or interstitial fluid

111
Q

Where do hydrostatic and osmotic forces work

A

In capillary and interstitial fluid
- NOTE: interstitial forces are typically low… often ignored

112
Q

What is bulk flow

A

Describes the movement of water at a capillary bed

113
Q

What is bulk flow determined by

A

Balance of forces
- net pressure out of bed = filtration
- net pressure into bed = reabsorption

114
Q

NFP equation

A

NFP = (HPc + OPi) - (HPi + OPc)

115
Q

NET filtration is caused by

A

High HPc
- results in the daily loss of ~24L of fluid to our tissues from our blood
- this fluid is called interstitial fluid

116
Q

_____ and ______ occur at capillary beds

A

Osmosis and filtration

117
Q

What system is critical for maintaining blood volume and immunity

A

The lymphatic system

118
Q

What are the two parts of the lymphatic system

A

Network of vessels that extends to all tissues of the body
Organs and tissues that produce and maintain immune cells
- organs include lymph nodes
- immune cells include white blood cells

119
Q

What are two major functions of the lymphatic system

A

Fluid recovery (maintain blood volume)
Site of immune cells (disease fighting cells)
- these roles overlap!

120
Q

_______ ________ help recover the remaining fluid (~4 L) lost to tissue at the capillary beds

A

Lymphatic vessels

121
Q

What is a lymph

A

When an interstitial fluid moves into the lymphatic system

122
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels

A

Help recover the remaining fluid lost to tissue at the capillary beds
Transport lymph through nodes and back to blood vessels
This helps retain fluid AND filter lymph for pathogens

123
Q

Lymph nodes house _____ ______ _____ that help with immunity

A

White blood cells

124
Q

How do lymph nodes help with immunity

A

They house the white blood cells
Lymph enters the node and travels through spaces called sinuses
- locations of the white blood cells
Capillaries provide oxygen and nutrients for the cells

125
Q

Lymph flow overview

A

Interstitial fluid at the capillaries enters lymphatic capillaries, is filtered by white blood cells in lymph nodes and transported back into the bloodstream and the left and right subclavian veins

126
Q

What are the different types of fluid deficiencies

A

Volume Depletion (Hypovolemia)
- blood loss, normal osmolarity
Dehydration (negative water balance)
- water loss, hypertonic osmolarity
*all result in drop in blood pressure

127
Q

What are different types of fluid excess

A

Volume excess (hypervolemia)
- blood gain, normal osmolarity
Hypotonic hydration (positive water balance)
- water gain, hypotonic osmolarity
* increased blood pressure

128
Q

What is the major goal in fetal circulation

A

To get oxygen/nutrients to the brain and rest of the body

129
Q

Where does the fetus receive oxygen/nutrients from

A

The mothers placenta via diffusion

130
Q

What parts of the body are not fully developed/functional in fetuses

A

Pulmonary and digestive systems are not yet functional - lungs are still collapsed and fluid-filled

131
Q

What are fetal structures that make circulation possible

A

Ductus venosus
Portal sinus
Foramen Ovale
Ductus arteriosus

132
Q

Fetal circulation: starting point

A

Placenta: diffusion of wastes, oxygen and nutrients
Oxygenated blood blood returns to fetus via the umbilical vein
Deoxygenated blood leaves fetus via the umbilical arteries

133
Q

Fetal circulation: getting to the heart (2 pathways)

A

Path 1 (most blood): umbilical vein to ductus venosus and then directly to IVC to heart (skips liver)
OR
Path 2: umbilical vein to portal sinus to liver then to portal vein to heart (provides O2 to liver)

134
Q

Fetal circulation: through the heart

A

After entering the right atrium:
30% is shunted to left atrium via the foramen ovale
Other 70% blood is pumped into right ventricle, then to pulmonary artery
- at pulmonary artery 90% of the blood enters the ductus arteriosus and is shunted to the aorta

135
Q

What happens after birth

A

With first breath the lungs EXPAND
Resistance to blood flow to lung decreases
Blood now flows to lungs via pulmonary arteries

136
Q

What is the ductus venosus

A

A shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver and is essential for normal fetal circulation

137
Q

What is the foramen ovale

A

An aperture in the muscular tissue between the left and right atrium that allows blood to cross the atria and bypass pulmonary circulation

138
Q

Blood essentials

A

About 5 liters in the body
- 5-6 L for males, 4-5 L in females
Temp is roughly 38 degrees Celsius (100.4 Fahrenheit)
5x viscosity of water (due to solid components and plasma proteins)
Slightly alkaline (average pH of 7.4)

139
Q

Blood consists of formed elements that are suspended in a liquid matrix called

A

Plasma

140
Q

What is blood made up of

A

Plasma
- 55%
-least dense component
Buffy coat
-leukocytes and platelets
-<1%
Erythrocytes
-45%
-most dense component

141
Q

What are formed elements

A

Also known as erythrocytes
45% of whole blood
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

142
Q

What is plasma made up of

A

Water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes (sodium) and wastes

143
Q

What are the primary similarities between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

Composition: H2O (92%), nutrients, electrolytes and proteins

144
Q

What are the primary differences between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

Levels of respiratory gases
- oxygen concentration higher in plasma than interstitial fluid
- carbon dioxide concentration higher in interstitial fluid than plasma
Protein concentrations
- each 100 mL of plasma has ~7.6 g of protein = ~5x that of interstitial fluid
- large size and globular shapes prevent proteins from leaving bloodstream

145
Q

What are two important proteins in plasma

A

Albumin - 60% of proteins; water balance (helps maintain blood osmotic pressure
Fibrinogen - clotting

146
Q

What are the three types of cells that formed elements consist of

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

147
Q

What are red blood cells

A

Also known as erythrocytes
Essential for oxygen transport in blood

148
Q

What are white blood cells

A

Also known as leukocytes
Participate in body’s defense mechanisms
Five classes, each with different functions

149
Q

What are platelets

A

Small membrane-bound cell fragments involved in blood clotting

150
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

The production of formed elements in red bone marrow
- red bone marrow is primarily found in the spongy bone

151
Q

Where does hematopoiesis start from

A

It starts from pluripotent stem cells

152
Q

What is hemostasis

A

It prevents blood loss by setting a cascade of events into motion that involve clotting

153
Q

What are the steps of hemostasis

A

A cut through the wall of a vessel damages endothelial cells, which release inflammatory chemicals
1st step: smooth muscle responds by vasoconstricting
Vasoconstriction reduces blood loss and aids in repair
Platelets bind to the exposed collagen from the damaged vessel wall = platelet plug
Binding to collagen also causes platelets to secrete chemicals that attract more platelets
Chemicals from platelets also result in coagulation = formation of a clot
Secretions from platelets convert fibrinogen in plasma to fibrin. Requires many proteins called clotting factors.
Fibrin forms long insoluble strands, creating a network of proteins that traps more platelets and red blood cells = clot.
The clot is eventually dissolved as endothelial cells regrow.

154
Q

What is the general anatomy of the urinary system

A

Kidneys connected to ureters (muscular tubes)
Ureters connect to bladder (muscular sac that holds urine)
Bladder connects to urethra (tube to external environment)
Notice renal artery carrying blood to kidney

155
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue that hold kidneys in place

A

Fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, renal fascia

156
Q

What is the fibrous capsule

A

The innermost layer of the kidney tissue
Dense irregular tissue

157
Q

What is perinephric fat capsule

A

The middle layer of the kidney tissue
Loose connective (adipose) tissue

158
Q

What is the renal fascia

A

The outer layer of the kidney tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue anchors kidney to surrounding structures

159
Q

What is the function of the renal artery

A

Delivers blood to the kidney
- to segmental arteries to smaller branches
- to afferent arterioles (deliver blood to capillaries where filtration will occur)
(This is oxygenated blood)

160
Q

What is the function of the renal vein

A

Collects blood from the kidneys
(This is deoxygenated blood)

161
Q

What is the nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney
A tube like structure made of ephithelial cells
Intimately associated with capillary beds

162
Q

What is the renal cortex

A

Superficial kidney tissue
Contains nephrons, blood vessels, nervous and connective tissue
Start of urine production

163
Q

What is the renal medulla

A

Deep kidney tissue
Contains nephron loops, blood vessels, nervous and connective tissue

164
Q

What is the renal pelvis

A

The funnel that urine production leaves through

165
Q

All structures associated with the urinary system are…

A

Continuous with the outside world and have a lumen (inside opening)

166
Q

What is the major function of the kidneys

A

Regulate the total amount of water in the body and the concentration of solutes in that water (osmolarity)
- Alter blood volume by absorbing or secreting water  this plays a role in regulation of blood pressure
Alter blood pH by absorbing or secreting protons
•Coordinated with respiratory system

167
Q

What do kidneys remove?

A

•Metabolic waste
–By-products from normal metabolism
•Some of the most toxic are nitrogenous wastes
–Urea  protein metabolism, produced in liver
–Uric acid  DNA metabolism, produced in liver
–Creatinine  protein metabolism, produced in muscles
•All are removed by filtration and secretion and found in urine

168
Q

What are the two types of nephrons

A

•Based on location in kidney
–Cortical (mainly in cortex) –
•85% of nephrons
–Juxtamedullary
•Nephron loops extend deep into medulla
•Modified capillaries = vasa recta
•Produce more concentrated urine

169
Q

Structure of the nephron

A

•Five regions:
Renal Corpuscle:
1. Glomerulus in glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
•Filtration

Renal Tubule:
2. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
•Reabsorption and Secretion
3. Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
•Reabsorption and Secretion
4. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
•Reabsorption and Secretion
5. Collecting duct
•Final urine concentration

170
Q

What are the steps of urine formation

A

•Filtration  INITIAL movement of molecules from capillary into nephron
•Reabsorption  Movement of molecules in nephron back into the capillary
•Secretion  Movement of a molecule from the capillary into the nephron AFTER filtration

Biol163 (7 decks)

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