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General Parasitology > FINAL - Larval Tapeworms > Flashcards

FINAL - Larval Tapeworms Flashcards

1
Q

Extraintestinal Larval Tapeworms

A

Diphyllobothrium

Taenia solium

E. granulosus and E. multilocularis

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2
Q

Human Sparganosis

A

is caused by plerocercoid larvae of the genus Spirometra

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3
Q

In human sparganosis the infective stage is:

Which are found in:

A

Procercoid

the cyclops

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4
Q

Human sparganosis is widespread in _____, also found in _______

A

the Orient

all other continents

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5
Q

Spirometra is synonymous with

A

Diphyllobthrium

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6
Q

Sparganosis infection after ingestion of copepod

A

Inside the copepod’s gut, procercoids enter the gut wall of the host and migrate to various tissues, where they become large plerocercoids

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7
Q

Most common route of infection of sparganosis:

Humans also become infected with sparganosis by ingesting:

A

drinking water contaminated with cyclops copepods

raw or undercooked fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, or even mammals

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8
Q

Most cases of sparganosis in the Orient are caused by _____, a tapeworm of _____

A

D. erinacei

carnivores

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9
Q

In N. America, the most common causative plerocercoid is that of _______, a tapeworm of ____

A

D. mansonoides

cats

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10
Q

In Human sparganosis, Once an infected animal is eaten,

A

the spargana wander in the deep tissues and migrate to the eyes, muscles, thorax, abdomen, thighs and cause many pathological conditions

Cerebral sparganosis

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11
Q

Some sparganosis infections of subdermal tissues can result in

A

painful “lumps” that might be misdiagnosed as cancer

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12
Q

diagnosis of sparganosis

A

Detection of the parasite in the host’s tissue

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13
Q

_______ removal of the larva is the most dependable treatment in ______

A

Surgical

Sparganosis

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14
Q

Drug of choice treating sparganosis

A

Praziquantel

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15
Q

____and ____ may accompany sparganosis infections

A

Chills and Fever

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16
Q

Prevention and Control of sparganosis

A

Proper cooking of freshwater fishes or other animals prior to eating is strongly recommended

Water should be consumed after boiling or filtering

Application of animal flesh to human skin should be avoided

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17
Q

Human Cysticercosis caused by

A

Taenia Solium

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18
Q

Common sites of human cysticercosis:

A

subcutaneous connective tissues, eyes, brain, muscles, heart, liver, lungs, and coelom.

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19
Q

Infection with cysticercosis occurs when

A

embryonated eggs pass through the stomach and hatch in the intestine

Gravid proglottid may migrate from the lower intestine to the stomach or duodenum, or it may be carried by reverse peristalsis (internal autoinfection).

Release and hatching of many eggs at the same time results in a massive infection by cysticercus.

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20
Q

Reverse peristalsis referred to as

A

Internal auto-infection

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21
Q

Common symptoms of human cysticercosis:

A

Muscle spasms and weakness, generalized fatigue, headache, paralysis, vomiting

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22
Q

When a cysticercus dies, it elicits

A

a severe inflammatory response

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23
Q

_______ of the cyst may occur after 1 year, after which time the disease may become _______.

A

Calcification

asymptomatic

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24
Q

When cysticerci infect the brain:

A

Neurocysticercosis

Often fatal

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25
Q

Dx of cysticercosis:

A

observing & feeling subcutaneous nodules and diagnosis confirmed by biopsy

X-rays can detect cysts that are calcified

CT scan determines any brain damage

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26
Q

recommended treatment for cysticerci infection

A

Surgery

Praziquantel or Albendazole

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27
Q

Developing cysticercus in the ____ may be mistaken for a _______, resulting in the unnecessary surgical removal of the eye

A

retina

malignant tumor

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28
Q

Care must be taken during treatment for adult worms to avoid causing severe ______, b/c:

A

Vomiting

it may induce internal auto-infection

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29
Q

Prevention of cysticercosis:

A

thoroughly wash salad vegetables

pay attention to personal hygiene and sexual habits and environmental sanitation

Drinking boiled or filtered water

avoidance of salads and raw fruits and vegetables in endemic areas

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30
Q

Control of cysticercosis:

A

sanitary disposal of feces

inspection of pork

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31
Q

_______ is probably the most common parasitic infestation of the human nervous system

A

Cysticercosis

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32
Q

Tapeworm infestation can occur only in _______, but cysticercosis may also occur in _______

A

nonvegetarians

vegetarians

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33
Q

Tapeworm infestation occurs via consumption of ______ where as cysticercosis occurs by consumption of _____

A

Infected meat

Eggs

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34
Q

Hydatid Disease caused by 2 spp:

A

Echinococcus granulosus

E. multilocularis

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35
Q

Echinococcus granulosus causes:

A

cystic echinococcosis in humans, with few large cysts

36
Q

E. multilocularis causes:

A

alveolar echinococcosis with many small cysts, causing liver cancer

37
Q

Defintive hosts for Echinococcus

A

Foxes, coyotes, dogs, cats

38
Q

Intermediate hosts for Echinococcus

A

rodents, sheep, cattle, swine

39
Q

smallest tapeworms

A

Echinococcus

40
Q

Strobila contains only ____ proglottids: ____ ____ and ____

A

3

immature, mature and gravid

41
Q

Scolex of Echinococcus:

A

Armed rostellum with 4 suckers

42
Q

In Echinococcus, humans are an _______ host

A

Accidental

43
Q

Humans are often infected with Echinococcus as a result of:

A

fondling dogs, via ingesting eggs by putting contaminated fingers into the mouth, or by eating raw plants contaminated with feces from infected cats, dogs, and other carnivores

44
Q

Echinococcus life cycle

A

Eggs consumed by humans or intermediate host

Hatch into oncosphere in SI

Oncosphere penetrates intestinal wall and travels to other parts of the body becoming lodged in capillary beds of many organs where hydatid cysts begin to develop

45
Q

Organs that are impacted by Echinococcus

A

liver, lung, kidney, spleen, heart, muscles, brain, bone marrow

46
Q

Hydatid cysts contain

A

protoscolices

47
Q

Infective stage in definitive host

A

Protoscolices

48
Q

Infective stage in humans

49
Q

After _______, Protoscolices attach to _________ and develops into _____

A

Ingestion
small intestine
Adults

50
Q

________ formation represent a _______ for the parasite

A

hydatid cyst’s

dead end

51
Q

Hydatid cyst infection

A

If these intermediate animals are consumed, infection may occur.

After consumption, cyst wall disintegrates and protoscolices are freed

Protos. attach to SI and develop into adults

52
Q

3 types of Hydatid cysts

A

Cystic
Osseous
Alveolar

53
Q

Cystic

A

aka unilocular

Caused by E. granulosus

54
Q

Osseous

A

Caused by E. granulosus

55
Q

Alveolar

A

Caused by E. multilocularis

56
Q

The _______ is the most common and least harmful, and the _______ is most pathogenic

A

unilocular cyst

alveolar cyst

57
Q

3 layers of matured unilocular cyst:

A

(1) Pericyst
(2) Ectocyst
(3) Endocyst

58
Q

Pericyst

A

Outermost layer (“host origin”) containing connective tissue and fibers

59
Q

Ectocyst

A

outer, thick-layered, non-cellular wall which produces the protoscolices

60
Q

Endocyst

A

inner thin layer

61
Q

pedicel

A

stalk that attaches brood capsules to cyst wall

62
Q

Brood capsules

A

are small sacks with in the cyst with numerous protoscolices

63
Q

Osseous cysts are _______ but are common in the ________________

A

Rare

Ribs, vertebrae, and bones

64
Q

Effect of Osseous cyst

A

Sometimes spongy bones are destroyed and collapse without warning

65
Q

Alveolar cysts are found most commonly in ______ and causes ___________

A

the liver

Alveolar Liver Echinococcosis

66
Q

In Alveolar liver Echinococcus symptoms:

A

jaundice and portal hypertension

67
Q

sylvatic echinococcosis

A

Involves carnivore-herbivore relationship

68
Q

Ample opportunities exist for human infection in situations in which:

A

domestic herbivores are raised with dogs

69
Q

Dogs are infected when:

A

they feed on an infected butchered animal

70
Q

Herbivores are infected when:

A

they eat herbage contaminated with dog feces

71
Q

Humans are infected via:

A

intimate contact with dogs by accidently ingesting Echinococcus eggs

72
Q

Human hydatidosis is _______

73
Q

Echinococcus infection is common in:

A

NZ, AU because of sheep-dog relationship

74
Q

_____ traditions further propagate Echinococcus by:

A

Kenyan
Consuming under cooked roasted dog intestine

Using nursing dogs- clean up feces and vomit by licking both areas

Lack of burial of the dead

75
Q

Infection in _______, where _____ are used as an ingredient of the tanning solution

A

tanners in Lebanon

dog feces

76
Q

It can take up to ______ for HD symptoms to develop

77
Q

General symptoms of HD

A

slowly increasing pressure in the area of the cyst, resembling a slowly developing tumor

78
Q

Cysts in the lungs can cause:

A

Coughing up of blood, difficulty in breathing (dyspnea) and chest pain

79
Q

Cysts in the brain or spinal cord:

A

Provoke acute inflammatory response, usually in the white matter

80
Q

Once the cysts rupture:

A

Protoscolices become free, enter circulation & travel to tissues where they produce secondary Echinococcosis

81
Q

If Hydatid cyst bursts:

A

anaphylactic shock can occur via host immune response to proteinaceous fluid

82
Q

Dx HD:

A

Calcified hydatid cysts revealed by XR

Hollow cysts revealed by CT

Hooks of protoscolices may be found in the sputum

Immunological tests

83
Q

Teatment of HD

A

Surgical removal of cysts with MUCH caution to not burst the cyst open

Mebendazole/albendazole after surgery

84
Q

Prevention HD

A

contact between dogs and intermediate hosts reduced

Personal hygiene regarding interaction with dogs

85
Q

Control HD

A

Regular treatment of dogs with praziquantel

Sanitary disposal of waste of slaughtered animals

Public education

General Parasitology (19 decks)

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