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General Parasitology > Blood flukes - Schistosoma > Flashcards

Blood flukes - Schistosoma Flashcards

1
Q

Schistosomes cause following disease:

A

snail fever, schistosomiasis or bilharziasis

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2
Q

3 major spp

A

Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni & S. japonicum

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3
Q

Schistosomes differ from other trematodes in several ways:

A

separate sexes (dioecious)
males have a specialized canal
life cycle patterns

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4
Q

Sexual dimorphism in Schistosoma

A

males are shorter & stouter than females

ventral gynecophoric canal where female resides

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5
Q

Mouth is surrounded by ___________

A

strong oral sucker

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6
Q

_____ is near mouth end

A

acetabulum

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7
Q

___ pharynx, esophagus has prominent __________

A

No

esophageal glands

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8
Q

Males have _____ testes

A

5-9

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9
Q

_____ is absent

A

Cirrus

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10
Q

S. haematobium lives in _________

A

veins of urinary bladder

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11
Q

S. mansoni lives in _____________

A

the veins of the large intestine

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12
Q

S. japonicum resides in _____________

A

the veins of the small intestine

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13
Q

The gynecophoral canal transfers ______ and ______ from the male to the female and vice versa

A

nutrients

hormones

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14
Q

Eggs must penetrate the:

A

vein wall before entering the lumen of the gut or the bladder to escape by urine or feces

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15
Q

___ of the eggs produced reach the exterior; the remaining eggs:

A

~ 1/3

are either trapped in the urinary bladder or intestinal walls or swept back by the blood flow & become lodged in liver, spleen and other areas

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16
Q

Eggs are _____

A

embryonated

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17
Q

______ enters the snail host and trasnforms into _____

A

Miracidium

sporocyst

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18
Q

Sporocysts produce _______ of ______ sporocysts. They move to _________ & produce either additional _________ or the _______

A 
2nd generation
migratory
digestive gland or gonads
sporocyst generations 
cercarial generation
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19
Q

______ stage absent

A

Redial

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20
Q

Cercaria leave the sporocyst via _____ and exits the snail’s tissues.

A

birth pore

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21
Q

This passage is aided by secretions of ______

A

escape glands

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22
Q

Actively swimming cercaria with forked tails move in a “figure-8” pattern continuously for _____

A

1-3 days

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23
Q

_____ host absent

A

2nd intermediate

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24
Q

Upon contact with ______, they are ____________

A

mammalian skin

attracted to skin’s secretions and attach.

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25
Q

How do they penetrate skin?

A

With the help of secretions from penetration glands

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26
Q

Infective stage:

A

Cercaria

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27
Q

Within 24 hrs,

A

schistosomula enter peripheral circulation and are swept off to the right side of the heart

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28
Q

Schistosomules appear in ______ by _____ since penetration. They start to feed on ____, and ________

A

pulmonary capillaries
day 3
RBCs
grow rapidly

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29
Q

After ____ days, they move through the _______ to the right side of the heart and then into ________

A

7-10
pulmonary vein
systemic circulation

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30
Q

In ____, they reach _________ veins and attain ____________

A

~3 wk
hepatic portal
sexual maturity

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31
Q

Worm pairs then migrate to:

A

their preferred sites in the body

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32
Q

Adult worm usually lives for ____ years

A

2-5

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33
Q

Females that are unpaired:

A

do not become sexually mature and have the appearance of starving

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34
Q

Greater than ____ cases annually

A

250 million

35
Q

Single most serious disease in china

A

S. japonicum

36
Q

High incidence rates:

A

Africa, Asia, parts of South America, and several Caribbean islands

37
Q

Schistosomiasis is the most common cause of ________

A

bladder calcification

38
Q

Serious complication of urinary tract schistosomiasis

A

is an increased incidence of cancer of the bladder

39
Q

Schistosomiasis affects ____ more often than ____ in ratio of ___

A

men
women
9:1

40
Q

What age group is infectged?

A

Younger than 30

41
Q

The disease isworsefor:

who can develop:

A

children

anemia, learning difficulties and malnutrition

42
Q

single most important epidemiological factor in schistosomiasis

A

Human waste in water containing snail hosts

43
Q

Control

A

Adequate sewage treatment is sufficient to eliminate schistosomiasis, such treatment is lacking in many poor countries

44
Q

Vulnerable groups:

A

Farmers wading in irrigation water
fisherman wading in lakes and streams
children playing in contaminated body of water
women washing clothes in streams

45
Q

S. mansoni is found in

A

many countries in Africa, South America, the Caribbean and in parts of the Middle East.

46
Q

S. mansoni reservoir hosts

A

not important for this spp

47
Q

S. haematobium is found in `

A

Africa, Arabia, the Middle East

48
Q

S. haematobium reservoir hosts

A

Reservoir hosts are not thought to be of importance for this species.

49
Q

S. japonicum is found in

A

China and the Philippines

but no longer in Japan where successful control
programs have been implemented

50
Q

S. japonicum reservoir hosts

A

Control of this parasite is complicated as many reservoir hosts exist

51
Q

Swimmers itch

A

Cercarial dermatitis

caused by cercariae of bird blood fluke

52
Q

Symptoms of swimmers itch

A

intense itching and local edema

53
Q

Bird blood fluke

A

does not enter the blood stream and instead, destroyed by the human’s immune system.

54
Q

Schistosomiasis typically causes

A

chronic low-grade infection with flu-like symptoms

55
Q

Clinical symptoms may include

A

fatigue, headache, a stiff neck, lack of energy, and neurologic symptoms due to CNS complications

56
Q

Initial phase:

A

4-10 wk after infection, during which migration takes place from lungs to liver to hepatic portal system

57
Q

Initial phase symptoms

A

Fever and allergies (frequently skin rashes), abdominal pain, bronchitis, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and diarrhea are common symptoms.

58
Q

Intermediate phase:

A

lasting 2 months to many years after infection. Bloody stools/urine result as intestines/bladder are most notably affected

59
Q

Final phase:

A

characterized by severe intestinal, renal, and hepatic pathology, caused primarily by rx. of the host to the eggs.

60
Q

Lodged eggs become small _______ which are also called ________

A

fibrous nodules

Granulomas, Pesudotubercles

61
Q

Repeated infection of ______ commonly lead to ________

A

S. haematobium

bladder cancer

62
Q

A marked enlargement of ________ occurs as well as ______

A

Spleen/liver (hepatosplenomegaly)

ascites

63
Q

3 phases:

A

Initial
intermediate
final

64
Q

Urogenital schistosomiasis

A

common in Africa and Middle East

65
Q

There is a link between ____ and _____

A

FGS

HIV

66
Q

FGS

A

Female genital Schistosomiasis

67
Q

FGS symptoms

A

lesions of the cervix and vagina, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse

68
Q

genital schistosomiasis in men

A

Affects seminal vesicles and prostate glands and may lead to infertility

69
Q

Most severe spp

A

japonicum becasue they produce the most eggs in a day

70
Q

______ of _____ eggs are not excreted, instead they build up in _____.

A

~ two-thirds
S. japonicum
the gut

71
Q

Eggs may enter _______________, which may lead to __________-

A

lungs, brain, spinal cord and other organs

paralysis, coma, death

72
Q

Build up of eggs can lead to

A

fibrosis and ulceration

73
Q

Diagnostic tool:

A

Eggs in stool or urine

74
Q

Treatment

A

Praziquantel for 3 days

75
Q

Schistosomes acquire

A

Host antigens on surface which protect it for immune system detection

76
Q

Antigen acquisition occurs in:

A

Early schistosomule stage

Best target for vaccine

77
Q

Pervention

A

avoid bodies of water in endemic areas

78
Q

5 methods of control:

A 
prevention of water contact
mass chemotherapy
destruction of snails by chemical or biological agents (crayfish) 
alteration of habitats
sanitary disposal of feces, urine
79
Q

Two other schistosomes:

A

S. mekongi

S. intercalatum

80
Q

S. intercalatum found in

A

Camaroon and Zaire (Africa)

81
Q

S. mekongi found in

A

southeast Asia, especially Laos and Cambodia

82
Q

S. mekongi closely resembles

A

S. japonicum

It has a different snail host, and its eggs are smaller

83
Q

S. intercalatum is related to

A

S. haematobium

Has terminal spine but eggs are secreted from feces

less pathogenic

General Parasitology (19 decks)

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