Final Gross - The Superior and Posterior Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

This is the median space between 2 pleural sacs

A

mediastinum

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2
Q

What are the boarders of the mediastinum

A

extends from thoracic inlet to diaphragm

sternum to 12th thoracic vertebrae

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3
Q

This is located most anterior in the superior mediastinum

A

thymus gland

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4
Q

What blood vessels are found in the superior midiastinum

A
SVC
right and left brachiocephalic vein
arch of the aorta
brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
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5
Q

What nerves are found in the superior mediastinum

A

right and left vagus
right and left phrenic
left recurrent laryngeal

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6
Q

What structures are found in the superior mediastinum

A

trachea
esophagus
thoracic duct

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7
Q

This structure is prominent and active during childhood and prior to puberty, and is functionally inactive and atrophies in adults; may be a fatty mass

A

thymus

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8
Q

This vein converges at right margin of the manubrium becoming the SVC

A

brachiocephalic

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9
Q

The left brachiocephalic crosses the trachea anterior or posterior?

A

anterior; and it crosses all major vessels too

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10
Q

What vertebrae level is the aortic arch

A

T4-T5

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11
Q

What structures does the aorta arch over

A

left pulmonary artery

left main bronchus

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12
Q

What great arteries does the aorta give rise to

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid
left subclavian

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13
Q

This enters the thorax between subclavian vein and artery descending posterior to the root of the lung

A

vagus nerve

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14
Q

What type of innervation does vagus supply

A

parasympathetic innervation to thorax (and abdomen)

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15
Q

This enters the thorax between the subclavian artery and vein descending anterior to the root of the lung

A

phrenic nerve

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16
Q

What type of innervation does phrenic supply

A

somatic innervation to the diaphragm

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17
Q

At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate at

A

inferior limit of the superior mediastinum

T4/T5

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18
Q

What is the bifurcation point of the trachea called and what is found there

A

carina

numerous lymph nodes

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19
Q

Where do foreign bodies usually aspirate into and why

A

right main bronchus
it is shorter and wider than the left main bronchus
right is more vertically orientated
carina is usually positioned more left of midline

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20
Q

This pierces the diaphragm at T10

A

esophagus

21
Q

That stomach may herniate through what

A

the esophageal hiatus = hiatal hernia

22
Q

A type I hiatal hernia is also known as what

A

sliding hiatal hernia

23
Q

A type II hiatal hernia is also known as what

A

paraesophageal hernia

24
Q

In this hiatal hernia the stomach slides freely into the thorax, is the most common and is asymptomatic

A

type 1; sliding

25
Q

In this hiatal hernia it invoves the fundus and often fixed in position risking gastric blood supply

A

type II; paraesophageal

26
Q

What structures are found in the posterior mediastinum

A

esophagus
esophageal plexus
thoracic duct

27
Q

What vessels are found in the posterior mediastinum

A

azygos system of veins

descending aorta

28
Q

What nerves are found in the posterior mediastinum

A

thoracic splanchnic nerves

greater, lesser, and least

29
Q

What makes up the esophageal plexus

A

left and right vagus nerves; forming vagal trunks, due to gut rotation during development

30
Q

Which vagus nerve makes up the anterior vagal trunk

A

left vagus

31
Q

Which vagus nerve makes up the posterior vagal trunk

A

right vagus

32
Q

This provides venous drainage for the thorax

A

azygos system of veins

33
Q

This drains the intercostal veins from the right side of the thorax

A

azygos vein

34
Q

This drains the left thorax

A

hemiazygous

accessory hemiazygous

35
Q

What does the hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous drain into

A

azygous vein

roughy at T8/T9, but variations are common

36
Q

The azygous veins crosses what to drain into SVC

A

over right superior bronchus

37
Q

This lies just left of the esophagus and gives rise to posterior intercostal arteries supplying thorax

A

descending aorta

38
Q

The descending aorta gives off branches to supply what

A

trachea
bronchi
esophagus

39
Q

This lies posterior to esophagus and anterior to vertebral bodies between the azygoes and descending aorta

A

thoracic duct

40
Q

Where does the thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm

A

with descending aorta

41
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from

A

the body beneath the diaphragm and left upper body

42
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph into

A

venous angle between left subclavian and left IJV

43
Q

This is the accumulation of lymph in the pleural cavity

A

chylothorax

44
Q

What is chylothroax a result from

A

torn or leaking thoracic duct often from lymphoma or trauma during thoracic surgery

45
Q

Where are the thoracic splanchnic nerve derived from

A

sympathetic chain ganglia located along lateral aspect of vertebral bodies

46
Q

What do the thoracic splanchinc nerves innervate

A

the abdomen;

greater lesser and least

47
Q

Where do the thoracic autonomic (symp and psymp) nerve originate from

A

sympathetic; T1-T5

parasympathetic; CN X

48
Q

What are the thoracic autonomic plexuses

A

cardiac
pulmonary
esophageal