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SP14 Anatomy > EX3 Neuro - Reticular Formation and Cerebellum > Flashcards

EX3 Neuro - Reticular Formation and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the raphe nuclei located

A

midbrain
pons
medulla
- medial nuclei of reticular formation

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2
Q

Where do midbrain raphe nuclei project

A

cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Where do pontine and medullar raphe nuclei project

A

spinal cord

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4
Q

Where does the nucleus rape magnus project

A

spinal cord

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with the raphe nuclei

A

serotonin; to supress pain

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6
Q

Where is the raphe spinal tract located

A

begins at dorsal raphe nucleus, decussates at midbrain

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7
Q

Where does the raphe spinal tract project

A

synapses on interneurons in lamina I, II, V of spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the relationship between the periaqueductal gray and pain control

A

it receives and inhibits pain signals

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9
Q

What is the relationship between the PAG and motor behavior

A

regulates heart/respiration rates

initiates defensive and reproductive behaviors

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10
Q

What is the major source of input to the PAG

A

ascending sensory system

descending signals from limbic system

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11
Q

Where is the locus ceruleus

A

located between base cerebellar attachment point and rostral pons “brain watchtower”

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12
Q

What is the input to the locus ceruleus

A

afferents from hypothalamus (also cingulate gyrus, amygdala)

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13
Q

What are the targets of the neurons that make up the locus ceruleus

A

excitatory effect on most of the brain

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14
Q

What is the neurotransmitter associated with locus ceruleus and its effect

A

norepinephrine; pain inhibition

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15
Q

Where is the ventral tegmental area locate

A

floor of midbrain tegmentum

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16
Q

What are the two major tracts that arise from the ventral tegmental area

A

mesocortico fibers; to frontal cortex

mesolimbic fibers; to nuclus accumbens and striatum

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17
Q

What is the neurotransmitter associated with the ventral tegmental area and its effect

A

dopamine; DO things

reward, pleasure, euphoria

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18
Q

The ascending reticular activating system controls what

A

sleep and wakefulness

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19
Q

How does the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum control sleep and wakefulness

A

via sending acetylcholine to hypothalamus which promotes wakefulness and to the cortex to maintain wakefulness

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20
Q

How does the hypothalamus control sleep and wakefulness

A

when the anterior hypothalamus is active = sleep

inactive = awake

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21
Q

What is the switch from asleep to awake

A

lateral hypothalamus; it maintains being awake

22
Q

What three things are connected via the sleep - wake cycle

A

locus ceruleus
raphe nuclei
pontine tegmenum

23
Q

What cavity of the skull is the cerebellum found

A

posterior cranial fossa

24
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebellum

A

motor coordination; output of motor cortex and motor nuclei

25
Q

These are the cells that contain the only axon that leaves the cortex aiming for the cerebellar nucleus

A

Purkinje cells

26
Q

These fibers arise from spinal cord and brainstem sensory pathway relaying signals from proprioceptive receptors

A

mossy fibers

27
Q

These are excitatory cells that give rise to parallel fibers

A

granular cells

28
Q

These cells lie in one layer, perpendicular to the parallel fibers

A

Purkinje cells

29
Q

Activation of granular cells (via mossy fibers) produce what

A

simple spikes from Purkinje cells of which are inhibitory (GABA)

30
Q

What causes Purkinje cells to produce complex spikes

A

climbing fibers from the inferior olive

31
Q

What are the three peduncles that connect the cerebellum with the brainstem

A

superior cerebellar
middle cerebellar
inferior cerebellar

32
Q

The superior peduncle carries fibers which direction in regards to the cerebellum

A

out (and in)

33
Q

The middle peduncle carries fibers in which direction in regards to the cerebellum

A

in

34
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle carries fibers in which direction in regards to the cerebellum

A

in (and out)

35
Q

What sensation is carried in the spinocerebellar tract

A

joint and limb location

36
Q

What are the three physiological subdivisions of the cerebellum

A

vestibulocerebellum
spinocerebellum
pontocerebellum

37
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum correlate to regarding anatomical subdivisions

A

flocculonodular lobe

fastgial nucleus

38
Q

What does the spinocerebellum correlate to regarding anatomical subdivisions

A

paranormal area

interposed nucleus

39
Q

What does the pontocerebellum correlate to regarding anatomical subdivisions

A

lateral hemisphere

dentate nucleus

40
Q

The motor cortex does what in the CTCC loop

A

send out two signals to do a certain action (raise big toe 1 cm)

41
Q

The first signal from the motor cortex in the CTCC loop goes where

A

to the spinal cord and spinal musculaure to move the intended target

42
Q

The second signal from the motor cortex in the CTCC loop goes where

A

to the pons, then cerebellum; essentially waiting for the propioception response

43
Q

Once the cerebellum (CTCC) receives the propioception response, what happens

A

modifications are made if need be; sending signals to the thalamus then to motor cortex again and out once more

44
Q

The olivo-cerebellar loop is responsible for what

A

control the timing over short-term
activation of the climbing fibers from inferior olive
“error or teaching” signal

45
Q

A flocculonodular lobe lesion affects which cerebellar region

A

vestibulocerebellar tract

46
Q

What is the result of a flocculonodular lobe lesion

A

nystagmus; back and forth eye movements (slowly in one direction, fast in the other)
truncal ataxia; disturbances in balance while seated
“inabilty to follow finger”

47
Q

A paravermal/vermal lesion will affect which cerebellar region

A

spinocerebellar tract

48
Q

What is the result of a paraverma/vermal lesion

A

stance and gait ataxia

“inability to walk white line”

49
Q

A lesion of the lateral hemisphere affects which cerebellar region

A

pontoerebellar tract

50
Q

What is the result of a lesion of the lateral hemisphere

A

involvement of arm and speech
intention tremors
dysmetria “finger-to-nose” failure (too far or too short)
dysarthria;explosive or slurred speech

51
Q

What does the martini do to the olive?

A

Increased activity in inferior olive with tremors

Dysfunction of electrical synapses in inferior olive

SP14 Anatomy (39 decks)

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