Final Exam (Wakefulness and Sleep)

Question 1

what did early psychologists believe cycles of wakefulness and sleep were dependent upon?

Answer 1

external stimuli

Question 2

Curt Richter in 1922 proposed what about the body’s cycle?

Answer 2

that the body generates its own cycles of activity and inactivity

Question 3

what are endogenous circannual rhythms?

Answer 3

internal mechanisms that operate on an annual or yearly rate

Question 4

what type of animals operate on an endogenous circannual rhythm?

Answer 4

birds experience migratory patterns
animals store food for winter

Question 5

what are endogenous circadian rhythms? which animals produce them?

Answer 5

internal mechanisms that operate on an approx. 24-hour cycle

Question 6

list the six internal mechanisms that change over 24 hours

Answer 6

sleep cycle, frequency of eating and drinking, body temperature, secretion of hormones, urination and sensitivity to drugs

Question 7

the purpose of the circadian rhythm is to ___ our ______ workings in _____ with the _____ world

Answer 7

keep, internal, phase, outside

Question 8

the human circadian clock generates a rhythm slightly ______ than 24 hours when it has ___ _______ cue to set it

Answer 8

longer, no external

Question 9

what does “Zeitgeber” mean and what does it refer to?

Answer 9

german meaning “time giver” refers to the stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm

Question 10

list six examples of “zeitgeber”

Answer 10

sunlight, tides, exercise, meals, arousal of any kind, and temperature of environment

Question 11

what does jet lag refer to?

Answer 11

the disruption of the circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

Question 12

what does jet lag stem from?

Answer 12

a mismatch of the internal circadian clock and external time

Question 13

what does jet lag cause?

Answer 13

sleepiness during the day, sleeplessness, and impaired concentration

Question 14

traveling west phase ______ our circadian rhythm

Answer 14

“phase-delays”

Question 15

traveling east phase ________ our circadian rhythm

Answer 15

“phase-advances”

Question 16

sleep cycles (morning vs. night person) as a function of ____ (examples)

Answer 16

age. young children are morning people, adolescence are often night people, as an adult, it partially depends upon genetics

Question 17

list the three mechanisms of the circadian rhythm?

Answer 17

the suprachiasmatic nucleus, genes that produce certain proteins, and melatonin levels

Question 18

where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

Answer 18

above the optic chiasm and part of the hypothalamus

Question 19

what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Answer 19

the main control center of the circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature

Question 20

damage to the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) results in what?

Answer 20

less consistent body rhythms that are no longer synchronized to environmental patterns of light and dark

Question 21

(The SCN) generates circadian rhythms in a _______ controlled, _______ manner. ____ cells communicate with each other to ______ the circadian rhythm

Answer 21

genetically, unlearned. various, sharpen

Question 22

light resets the SCN via a small ____ of the ____ nerve called the _______________ path

Answer 22

branch, optic, retinohypothalamic

Question 23

the retinohypothalamic path comes from a ____ population of ____ cells that have their own ________ called _______

Answer 23

special, ganglion, photopigment, melanopsin

Question 24

which two types of genes are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm?

Answer 24

Period: produce proteins called PER
Timeless: produce proteins called TIM

Question 25

PER and TIM proteins increase the _____ of certain kinds of _____ in the ___ that regulate ____ and _____

Answer 25

activity, neurons, SCN, sleep and waking

Question 26

the SCN regulates the ____ gland and an _____ gland located _______ the the thalamus

Answer 26

pineal, endocrine, posterior

Question 27

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete and what is its function?

Answer 27

secretes melatonin, a hormone that increases sleepiness

Question 28

melatonin secretion usually begins _ to _ hours before bed time

Answer 28

two to three hours