Final Exam (Hippocampus ...)

Question 1

different areas of the hippocampus are active during _______ _______ and later _____

Answer 1

memory formation, recall

Question 2

what did H.M have removed and why?

Answer 2

hippocampus removed to prevent epileptic seizures

Question 3

after having the _______ removed, H.M had great difficulty ______ new ____-term memories

Answer 3

hippocampus, forming, long-term

Question 4

define Anterograde amnesia

Answer 4

loss of ability to form new memory after the brain damage

Question 5

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 5

loss of memory prior to the occurrence of the brain damage

Question 6

which type of amnesia did H.M show after surgery?

Answer 6

both retrograde and anterograde

Question 7

H.M’s ____-memory or ______ memory remained intact. (how long were they able to remember a number with and without a distraction)

Answer 7

short-term, working. 15 minutes without distraction and a few seconds with distraction

Question 8

list three specific memory impairments specific to H.M

Answer 8

not being able to state the correct date or his current age, read the same magazine repeatedly without losing interest, could only recall a few fragments of events in the recent past

Question 9

when could/couldn’t H.M recognize himself

Answer 9

could in the mirror, could not in a photo

Question 10

define semantic memory (relate to H.M’s experience)

Answer 10

memories of factual information. (able to form a few weak semantic memories)

Question 11

define episodic memory
(relate to H.M’s experience)

Answer 11

memories of personal events. (could not describe any event since his surgery, had severely impaired episodic memory)

Question 12

define Explicit memory. (what is it also known as?)

Answer 12

deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory. (also know as declarative memory)

Question 13

define implicit memory. (describe a patient similar to H.M.’s experience with this)

Answer 13

the influence of experience on behaviour even if one does not recognize that influence. (one friendly, one neutral, one stern nurse, patient preferred friendly nurse, couldn’t state why

Question 14

define procedural memory. what kind of memory does it fall under?

Answer 14

development of motor skills and habits. special kind of implicit memory

Question 15

normal pattern of amnesia patients. (working, anterograde-declarative, episodic, implicit/explicit and procedural memory)

Answer 15

normal working memory (unless distracted), severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory, severe loss of episodic memories, better implicit than explicit memory, nearly intact procedural memory

Question 16

research on hippocampus function suggests what?

Answer 16

critical for declarative memory functioning (especially episodic memory)

Question 17

research with rats shows damage to the hippocampus impairs abilities on which two types of tasks?

Answer 17

delayed matching-to-sample tasks, and delayed non matching-to-task

Question 18

describe the delayed matching-to-sample task

Answer 18

subject sees an object and must alter choose the object that matches

Question 19

delayed non matching-to-sample tasks

Answer 19

subject sees an object and must later choose the object that is different from the sample

Question 20

navigation depends on your ________ and your ______ memories

Answer 20

surroundings, spatial

Question 21

damage to the hippocampus also impairs abilities on spatial tasks such as … (tested with rats)

Answer 21

radial mazes and morris water maze task

Question 22

which three people, what year and which prize did they win for their discoveries of the cells responsible for spatial memory

Answer 22

May-Britt Moser, Edvard Moser, and John O’Keefe, 2014, Nobel Prize (in Physiological or Medicine)

Question 23

list the two types of cells responsible for spatial memory

Answer 23

place and time cells

Question 24

describe place cells

Answer 24

hippocampal neurons tuned to particular spatial locations, responding best when an animal is in a particular place and looking in a particular direction

Question 25

describe time cells

Answer 25

some place cells also function as time cells that respond at a particular point in a sequence

Question 26

place cells receive input from cells in the _____ ______

Answer 26

entorhinal cortex

Question 27

episodic memory: dependent on the ______, develops after a ______ _____

Answer 27

hippocampus, single experience

Question 28

to learn habits or probabilities relies on part of the ____ _____

Answer 28

basal ganglia

Question 29

what is the amygdala associated with?

Answer 29

fear learning

Question 30

what is the parietal lobe associated with

Answer 30

piecing information together

Question 31

damage to the anterior temporal complex results in what?

Answer 31

a loss of semantic memory