Midterm 2 (Plasticity)

Question 1

almost all survivors of _____ damage show ________ recovery to some degree

Answer 1

brain, behavioural

Question 2

some brain recovery relies on the growth of new _______ of _____ and ________

Answer 2

branches of axons and dendrites

Question 3

list five possible causes of brain damage

Answer 3

tumors, infections, exposure to toxic substances or radiation, degenerative disease and closed head injuries

Question 4

what does a “closed head injury” refer to?

Answer 4

a sharp blow to the head that does not puncture the brain

Question 5

define a stroke or cerebrovascular accident in simple terms

Answer 5

temporary loss of blood flow to the brain

Question 6

what is the most common type of stroke? what does it result from?

Answer 6

ischemia. from a blood clot or obstruction of an artery

Question 7

how are neurons affected in an ischemic stroke?

Answer 7

neurons lose their oxygen and glucose supply

Question 8

what is the second most common type of stroke? what does it result from?

Answer 8

Hemorrhage. from a ruptured artery

Question 9

how are neurons affected in a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 9

neurons are flooded with excess blood, calcium, oxygen and other chemicals

Question 10

what can ischemia and hemorrhage cause? (list the name and definition)

Answer 10

Edema: the accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in increased pressure on the brain and increasing the probability of further strokes

Question 11

how can edema affect the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 11

disrupts the s-p pump leading to the accumulation of potassium ions inside neurons

Question 12

edema and excess potassium triggers the ______ of the ______ neurotransmitter ______

Answer 12

release, excitatory, glutamate

Question 13

the ____stimulation of neurons leads to _____ and other ions ____ing the neuron is _______ amounts

Answer 13

overstimulation, sodium, entering, excessive

Question 14

excess ______ ions in the neuron _____ metabolism in the ________ and kill the neuron

Answer 14

positive, block, mitochondria

Question 15

a drug called ______ ________ _______ (___) breaks up _____ ____ and can _____ the side effects of a(n) ______ stroke

Answer 15

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), blood clots, reduce, ischemic

Question 16

research has begun to attempt to save neurons from death by blocking:

Answer 16

glutamate synapses and calcium entry

Question 17

____ing protects the brain after ______ by reducing _________, ______ and _______

Answer 17

cooling, ischemia, overstimulation, apoptosis and inflammation

Question 18

what has also been shown to potentially minimize cell loss after a brain stroke? Why?

Answer 18

cannabinoids. Benefits are most likely due to cannabinoids anti-inflammatory effects

Question 19

define “Diaschisis”

Answer 19

decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

Question 20

cells that have lost their source of _________ release ________ that induce axons to form _______ ________

Answer 20

innervation, neurotrophins, collateral

Question 21

define “deafferentated limb”

Answer 21

limbs that have lost their afferent sensory input