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PNS -- Torgerud > Final Exam: Unit VIII: Special Sense Organs-- Eyes > Flashcards

Final Exam: Unit VIII: Special Sense Organs-- Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the special sense organs of vision?

A

the eyes

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2
Q

What are the eyes derived from?

A

Ectoderm:

  1. Neuroectoderm of forebrain
  2. Surface ectoderm
  3. Neural crest mesenchyme
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3
Q

What part of the eye is derived from neuroectoderm of the forebrain?

A
  • retina

- pigmented structures

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4
Q

What part of the eye is derived from surface ectoderm?

A
  • lens

- cornea

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5
Q

What part of the eye is derived from Neural crest mesenchyme?

A
  • fibrous coats (sclera)
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6
Q

What are the three coats or tunics the eye is composed of?

A
  1. Fibrous Tunic (outermost)
  2. Vascular Tunic
  3. Nervous tunic or retina
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7
Q

What structures does the Fibrous tunic of the eye contain?

A
  1. Sclera

2. Cornea

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8
Q

What is the white part of the eye called? Describe its make-up.

A

sclera –> is thick, dense, firm**, and opaque

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9
Q

What maintains the shape if the pressure inside the eye increases?

A

the sclera–> it is thick, dense, and firm

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10
Q

Does the sclera have tiny openings? Why or why not?

A

yes, many–> to allow structures to pass through like blood vessels and neurons

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11
Q

Where do extraocular eye muscles attach to on the eye?

A

to the sclera

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12
Q

What is the transition of the sclera into the cornea called?

A

limbus

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13
Q

What is the sclera continuous with posteriorly?

A

with fibrous sheath that covers CN II (optic nerve)

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14
Q

What makes up the anterior part of the Fibrous Tunic of the eye? Describe its make-up.

A

cornea–> clear and transparent

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15
Q

What is the primary refractory part of the eyeball?

A

cornea

  • first part of eye light must pass through
  • most responsible for focusing light on the retina
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16
Q

What is the sclera lined with anteriorly?

A

conjunctiva (mucous membrane on inside of eyelid)

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17
Q

What is an irregularity in the cornea called?

A

an Astigmatism

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18
Q

Which way is the cornea convex, anteriorly or posteriorly?

A

anteriorly

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19
Q

How many layers does the cornea consists of? Name them from anterior to posterior.

A

Five:

  1. Corneal Epithelium (most external)
  2. Anterior limiting lamina
  3. Substantia propria
  4. Posterior limiting lamina
  5. Endothelium (most internal)
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20
Q

Where are most vision problems associated with farsightedness and far nearsightedness due to?

A

the cornea not focusing light on the retina properly

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21
Q

What is the most external layer of the cornea? What is it continuous with?

A

Corneal epithelium; continuous with conjunctiva

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22
Q

What is the thickest layer of the cornea?

A

Substantia propria (is largest and thickest part of cornea)

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23
Q

What is the most internal layer of the cornea? What does it line?

A

Endothelium; lines the iridocorneal layer

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24
Q

What does the Vascular Tunic of the eye consists of?

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Ciliary body
  3. Iris
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25
Q

What is the thin part of the vascular tunic that has rich blood supply and its blood vessels are heavily supplied by autonomic vasomotor fibers?

A

Choroid

–autonomic vasomotor fibers–> may have a cooling effect

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26
Q

Is the Choroid loosely or firmly attached to the sclera?

A

Loosly attached; EXCEPT where optic nerve penetrates sclera–> there the choroid is firmly attached to the sclera

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27
Q

Is the Choroid lightly or darkly pigmented? Why?

A

darkly pigmented–> helps limit passage of light both through sclera to retina and through retina to sclera

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28
Q

What is the Ciliary body (in Vascular tunic) continuous with to the posterior? what about anteriorly?

A

posteriorly-> with choroid

anteriorly–> with iris

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29
Q

What suspends the lens?

A

ciliary body

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30
Q

What does the ciliary body produce? What segment of the eye is this found in?

A

produces aqueous fluid–> found in anterior segment of the eye

may also produce–> some GAGs of the vitrous body

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31
Q

What muscle does the ciliary body contain? What does contraction of this muscle do?

A

ciliary muscle–> contraction allows lens to become more convex–> allowing for near vision

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32
Q

What is the colored part of the eye? What tunic is it in?

A

iris–> ranges from light blue to dark brown

Vascular tunic

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33
Q

What does the iris divide the eye into?

A

the anterior segment into anterior and posterior chambers

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34
Q

How many muscles does the iris consist of? What do they control?

A

Two:

  1. Sphincter pupillae
  2. Dilator pupillae
    - -> control size of pupil
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35
Q

What type of fiber arrangement does the Sphincter pupillae contain? What effect do they have on the pupil? What type of fibers innervate it?

A

(part of iris)
circumferentially arranged fibers–> constrict the pupil

parasympathetic fibers innervate it

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36
Q

What type of fiber arrangement does the Dilator Pupillae consists of? What effect do they have on the pupil? What type of fibers innervate it?

A

radially oriented fibers–> dilates pupil/becomes larger when they contract

sympathetic fibers innervate it

37
Q

What is the Nervous tunic or called retina an outgrowth of?

A

the Diencephalon–> therefore can be considered to be a specialized portion of the brain

(retina = only time can “see” CNS of someone)

38
Q

What is the Nervous tunic/Retina in contract with externally? What about internally?

A

Externally–> thin layer in contact with choroid

Internally–> vitreous body

39
Q

How many layers does the Retina consists of? What are they from external to internal?

A

Ten:

  1. Pigmented layer (cementing layer)
  2. Rods and cones (photoreceptors)
  3. External limiting membrane
  4. Outer nuclear layer
  5. Outer plexiform layer
  6. inner nuclear layer (cell bodies of bipolar cells)
  7. inner plexiform layer
  8. ganglion cell layer (contain ganglion cell bodies)
  9. nerve fiber layer
  10. internal limiting membrane
40
Q

What are the five cells involved in the vision pathway?

A
  1. photoreceptors – rods and cones
  2. inner nuclear layer cells– bipolar cells
  3. ganglionic layer cells – multipolar cells
  4. Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB)– axons form the optic radiation
  5. Brodmann area 17 of occipital lobe
41
Q

What retinal structures are visible upon a funduscopic exam?

A
  1. optic disc

2. Macula lutea

42
Q

What is the point at which the optic nerve (CN II) reaches the eyeball?

A

Optic disc

43
Q

What color does the Optic disc appear?

A

white or yellowish

44
Q

Are there any photoreceptors in the optic disc? Why?

A

no–> major blood vessels enter/exit eyeball here

45
Q

What is the darker area in the center of the fundus of the eye?

A

Macula lutea

46
Q

What is in the middle of the Maculae lutea?

A

Fovea centralis

47
Q

What is the area of clearest vision?

A

Maculae lutea

48
Q

Are there photoreceptors in the Maculae lutea? What kinds?

A

yes, only cones

49
Q

What is the loss of cone cells in the Macula Lutea and results in vision loss?

A

Macula degeneration

50
Q

What are the four refractory components of the eyeball?

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Aqueous humor
  3. Lens
  4. Vitreous body
51
Q

What is the most anterior and the primary refractory structure of the eye?

A

Cornea

52
Q

What is clear fluid secreted by the ciliary processes? Where is this found?

A

aqueous humor; found on posterior aspect of ciliary body and is secreted into posterior chamber (part of anterior segment–located posterior to iris)

53
Q

How does the aqueous humor travel that is secreted by the posterior aspect of the ciliary body?

A

secreted into posterior chamber–> passes through pupil into anterior chamber–> travels laterally—> leaves eyeball through scleral venous sinus (Canal of Schlemm)

54
Q

How does Glaucoma result?

A

from increased pressure w/in anterior segment of eyeball–> blindness can result

55
Q

Describe the make-up of the Lens.

A

transparent, biconvex, avascular

56
Q

T/F. The lens of the eye is very vascular.

A

False–it is avascular

57
Q

Does increasing or decreasing the convexity of the lens allow for near vision?

A

increasing the convexity

58
Q

What does the lens separate in the eye?

A

the anterior segment from the posterior segment

59
Q

What is it called when the lens gets harder with age, resulting in more difficult near vision?

A

Presbyopia (harder to increase convexity of lens, lens is losing its resiliency)

“arms too short to read”

60
Q

What is it called when the lens becomes less and less transparent?

A

Cataracts (loss of transparency

Tx: by taking a few layers off of the lens surgically)

61
Q

What does the Vitreous body fill in the eye? Describe its make-up.

A

fills posterior segment (area behind lens)

gelatinous and transparent

62
Q

What is the vestigial structure that connects the optic nerve and posterior aspect of the lens called?

A

Hyaloid canal

serves no functional purpose in the adult

63
Q

What did the Hyaloid canal used to contain in the fetus?

A

contained the fetal hyaloid artery–> and serves no functional purpose in the adult

64
Q

What are the Extraocular msucles of the eye?

A
  1. Superior rectus
  2. Inferior rectus
  3. Medial rectus
  4. Lateral rectus
  5. Superior oblique
  6. Inferior oblique
65
Q

What are the three accessory structures of the eye?

A
  1. Extraocular muscles (6)
  2. Lacrimal apparatus
  3. Tarsal glands
66
Q

Where are the lacrimal glands located? What do they secrete? Where is this secretion carried?

A

superolaterally to the eyeball; secrete tears –> carried to surface of eye by excretory ducts

67
Q

Where are lacrimal ducts found in the eye? What is their function?

A

each eyelid below and medial to eyeball–> they drain tears into lacrimal sac

68
Q

Where is the lacrimal sac found?

A

in a groove b/w lacrimal bone and maxilla–> is the most superior part of the nasolacrimal duct

69
Q

What is the most superior part of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

lacrimal sac

70
Q

What does the nasolacrimal drain tears from and into?

A

from the lacrimal sac –> into the inferior nasal meatus

why nose runs when we cry

71
Q

What direction do our tears flow across our eye?

A

lateral –> medial

72
Q

In order, list the flow of tears of the Lacrimal appparatus.

A

Lacrimal glands secrete tears–> carried to surface of eye via excretory ducts–> tears travel lateral to medial across eye–> lacrimal ducts drain tears into –> lacrimal sac–> which is connected to nasolacrimal duct that drains tears into–> inferior nasal meatus

73
Q

In kids, what part of the Lacrimal apparatus may not be open, and create a goopy eye?

A

the lacrimal duct (located in eyelid below and medial to eyeball; drains tears into lacrimal sac)

74
Q

Where are tarsal glands of the eye located?

A

in each eyelid

75
Q

What type of glands are tarsal glands of the eye considered?

A

modified sebaceous glands–> secretes an oily substances that covers tears upon blinking

76
Q

What purpose does the oily substance secreted from tarsal glands that coats tear serve?

A

to reduce evaporation of tears

77
Q

What are all arteries to the eyeball branches of?

A

the ophthalmic artery

78
Q

What are the four different types of arteries supplying the eye?

A
  1. Long posterior ciliary arteries (2)
  2. Short ciliary arteries (6-12)
  3. Anterior ciliary arteries (6-8)
  4. Central Retinal artery (1)
79
Q

How many long posterior ciliary arteries supply one eye? What structures do they run b/w?

A

2–> one medial and one lateral–> runs b/w sclera and choroid

80
Q

How many short ciliary arteries supply one eye? How do they enter the eyeball?

A

6-12–> enter eyeball on posterior surface piercing the sclera and forming a ring around the optic nerve

81
Q

How many anterior ciliary arteries supply one eye?

A

6-8–> 3-4 arch over eyeball and 3-4 go under eyeball and pierce sclera on top or bottom of eye

82
Q

What is the only artery to supply the retina? How does it travel?

A

Central Retinal Artery –> travels via the retina where it spreads out into an extensive network

83
Q

What are the three ways of venous drainage of the eyeball?

A
  1. Anterior ciliary veins–> accompany ant. ciliary arteries
  2. Long posterior ciliary veins-> travel w/ long post. ciliary arteries
  3. Central retinal vein–> travels longside the central retinal artery
84
Q

What is the only vein to drain the retina?

A

Central Retinal vein

85
Q

What is the nerve supply to the eyeball from?

A

branches of Nasociliary Nerve of V1 division of trigeminal nerve

  1. Long ciliary nerves
  2. Short ciliary nerves
86
Q

What do the Long Ciliary nerves going to the eye travel with? What are their function?

A

vessels of same name

sensory for:

  • ciliary body
  • iris
  • cornea
87
Q

What is the function of the Short ciliary nerves going to the eyeball?

A

carry sensory info for the eyeball

88
Q

Where are postganglionic sympathetic fibers coming from that go to the eye?How do they reach the eyeball? What are they supplying?

A

come from cavernous plexus–> pass through ciliary ganglion–> reach ciliaris and dilator pupillae muscles

89
Q

Where are postganglionic parasympathetic fibers coming from that go to the eye? Where are they going to?

A

come from the ciliary ganglion–> follow similar path to cilaris and sphincter pupillae muscles

PNS -- Torgerud (17 decks)

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