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PNS -- Torgerud > Final Exam- Unit VIII - Ears-- Inner ear > Flashcards

Final Exam- Unit VIII - Ears-- Inner ear Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the inner ear? What are the two parts of the inner ear?

A

Labyrinth
Parts:
1. Bony
2. Membranous

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2
Q

What is the bony labyrinth an enclosure for?

A

the membranous labyrinth

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3
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth surrounded by?

A

perilymph w/in the bony labyrinth

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the bony labyrinth?

A
  1. Cochlea
  2. Vestibule
  3. Semicircular canals
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5
Q

Can you describe the shape of the cochlea? What does it contain?

A

snail shell shape; contains the Cochlear duct (pt. of membranous labyrinth)

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6
Q

What does the vestibule contain?

A

utricle and saccule (pts of membranous labyrinth)

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7
Q

What do the semicircular canals (anterior/sup., lateral, and posterior) contain?

A

semicircular ducts (pt of membranous labyrinth)

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8
Q

What surrounds the membranous labyrinth? What is w/in it?

A

perilymph surrounds it

endolymph is w/in it

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9
Q

What does the Membranous Labyrinth include?

A
  1. Cochlear labyrinth

2. Vestibular labyrinth

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10
Q

What does the Cochlear Labyrinth of the membranous labyrinth contain?

A

cochlear duct

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11
Q

What does the Vestibular Labyrinth of the membranous Labyrinth contain?

A
  1. Utricle
  2. Saccule
  3. Semicircular ducts
  4. Utricosaccular ducts
  5. Endolymphatic duct
  6. Endolyphatic sac
  7. Ductus reuniens
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12
Q

What connects/ in between the utrical with the saccule?

A

Utricosaccular duct

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13
Q

What connects the utriosaccular duct with the endolyphatic sac?

A

Endolymphatic duct

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14
Q

What is the reservoir for endolymph?

A

Endolymphatic sac

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15
Q

What connects the saccule with the cochlear duct?

A

ductus reuniens

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16
Q

What does the bony part of the Cochlear Labyrinth consist of?

A

a tube that is coiled around a cone-shaped central bony structure– called the modiolus

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17
Q

What does the cochlea wrap around and about how many times?

A

around the Modiolus; ~ 2.5–> 2.75 times

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18
Q

What is the apex of the cochlea called? Which way is it directed?

A

cochlear cupula–> directed anterolaterally

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19
Q

What connects the cochlea to the modiolus?

A

a bony ridge called the lamina of the modiolus

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20
Q

What three channels is the cochlear made up of?

A
  1. Cochlear duct (membranous)
  2. Scala vestibuli (bony)
  3. Scala tympani (bony)
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21
Q

Where does the cochlear duct end?

A

at the apex of the cochlea

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22
Q

What two structures communicate with each other at the apex of the cochlea? What is that channel called?

A

the scala vestibuli and scala tympani communicate w/ each other at the apex through a channel called the Helicotrema

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23
Q

What is above the cochlear duct? What is it filled with?

What is below the cochlear duct?

A

above-> scala vestibuli; filled with perilymph

below-> scala tympani

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24
Q

What forms the base the scala vestibuli? What does this allow for?

A

the oval window (at foot of stapes) forms its base–> so vibrations are transmitted into the scala vestibuli as the stapes vibrates

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25
Q

Where do vibrations from the scala vestibuli pass to? How?

A

pass to the scala tympani via the Helicotrema

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26
Q

What forms the base of the scala tympani?

A

the round window

27
Q

What is the oval window the base for?

What is the round window the base for?

A

scala vestibuli

scala tympani

28
Q

What is the middle of the bony labyrinth and has the scala vestibuli above and the scala tympani below? What is it filled with?

A

Cochlear duct; filled with endolymph

29
Q

How is the Cochlear duct separated from the scala vestibuli?

A

by the vestibular membrane

30
Q

How is the Cochlear duct separated from the scala tympani?

A

by the basilar or spiral membrane

31
Q

What is the Cochlear duct attached to?

What wall of the cochlea is it anchored to and how?

A

attached to lamina of modiolus

anchored to outer wall of cholea via spiral ligament

32
Q

What is located on the floor of the cochlear duct? What is it attached to?

A

spiral organ; attached to the Basilar/Spiral membrane

33
Q

What does the Spiral Organ contain?

A

numerous hair-like projections projecting superiorward from the basilar/spiral membrane

34
Q

What are the hair-like projections of the Spiral Organ sensitive to?

A

frequency and amplitude of sound waves that enter the cochlea

35
Q

What are the hair cells of the Spiral organ covered by?

A

the tectorial membrane

36
Q

Where will the information from the hair cell receptor cells be conveyed to? Where will the cell bodies be located of these neurons receiving the info?

A

primary sensory neurons –> cell bodies in spiral ganglion

37
Q

Go through the steps of the transmission of sound.

A
  1. sound waves enter EAM–> causing tympanic membrane to vibrate
  2. ossicles of middle ear (“MIS”) transmit vibrations and amplifies vibration 1.2x
  3. foot of stapes articulates with oval window; which forms base of scale vestibuli–> oval window is much smaller and vibrations entering are amplified 17x more
  4. vibrations transmitted through perilymph of scala vestibuli and scale tympani–> reaching round window
  5. causing basilar membrane to vibrate–> stimulating receptors in Spiral Organ
  6. info transmitted to Cochlear Nerve
38
Q

What does the Vestibular Labyrinth consists of? What is contained w/in each structure?

A
  1. Saccule
  2. Utricle
  3. three semicircular ducts (anterior/superior, lateral, and posterior)

endolymph w/in all

39
Q

What does the Saccule communicate with?

A

cochlear duct

and Utricle via Utricosaccular duct

40
Q

Which is larger, the saccule or the utricle?

A

utricle

41
Q

What does the Utricle communicate with?

A

the three semicircular ducts
AND
saccule via the Utricosaccular duct

42
Q

What are the sense organs w/in the Utricle and Saccule called?

A

Maculae–> are hairlike projections

43
Q

What are the maculae bathed in?

A

endolymph

are the hair-like projection sense organs w/in utricle and saccule

44
Q

What “floats” on top of the endolymph that bathes the maculae in the utricle and saccule?

A

Otoliths

45
Q

What will movements of the head cause the Otoliths to do?

A

cause them to deflect the maculae–> electing impulses/action potentials

46
Q

What type of motion does the utricle detect?

A

centrifugal (around axis outside of body) and linear ACCELERATIONS in any place

47
Q

What type of motion does the saccule detect?

A

linear ACCELERATIONS in vertical and A-P planes

up and down, and front to back

48
Q

What type of motion stimulates the maculae?

A

acceleration

NOT SPEED: receptors accommodate until you reach a turn or go through turbulence

49
Q

What are the sense organs within the semicircular ducts called?

A

crista

50
Q

Where are the crista located in the semicircular ducts?

A

in the Ampulla of each duct

51
Q

In combination, what type of motion are the semicircular ducts sensitive to?

A

ACCELERATIONS in any direction —> but are particularly sensitive to Rotational Accelerations (rotation w/in own body–> (i.e. spinning, cartwheels)

52
Q

Where are the cell bodies located that the impulses initiated by the crista (sense organs) in the semiciruclar ducts are carrie din?

A

in Vestibular ganglion

53
Q

What are the two branches that the dendrites carrying info to the vestibular ganglion collected into? Which branch is larger?

A
  1. Superior Branch (larger, ~12,000 fibers)

2. Inferior Branch (smaller, ~8,000 fibers)

54
Q

What does the Superior Branch carry info from that goes to the Vestibular ganglion?

A
  1. anterior/superior semicircular duct
  2. lateral semicircular duct
  3. utricle
  4. some info from Saccule via Voit’s nerve
55
Q

What does the Inferior Branch carry info from that goes to the Vestibular ganglion?

A
  1. Posterior semicircular duct

2. Saccule

56
Q

What do the axons from the vestibular ganglion make up?

A

the vestibular nerve

57
Q

What is the blood supply to both the Cochlear and Vestibular Labyrinth? What are they branches from?

A
  1. Internal Auditor Artery –> branch from Basilar Artery

2. Stylomastoid Artery–> branch from Posterior Auricular Artery

58
Q

What is the nerve supply to the Cochlear and Vestibular Labyrinth?

A
  1. Sympathetics
  2. Cochlear Nerve
  3. Vestibular Nerve
59
Q

Where is the sympathetic supply to the Cochlear and Vestibular Labyrinth from?

A

cavernous plexus and or internal carotid plexus

60
Q

What are the axons that make up the Cochlear nerve from?

A

cells in the Spiral Ganglion

61
Q

Where is information that is relayed through the cochlear nuclei going? Where are these nuclei located? Where does the information go from there?

A

to the Superior Olivary Nucleus or the Trapezoid Nucleus–> located in MO

from there–> info carried to Lateral Lemniscus –> to Inferior Colliculi and Medial Geniculate Bodies

–> then to temporal lobe, Broadmann areas 41 and 42

62
Q

Where are the axons from that make up the Vestibular Nerve? Where are the axons carried to?

A

from the Vestibular Ganglion

axons carried to Vestibular Nuclear Complex of MO–> then processed in cerebellum

63
Q

Do the axons from the Vestibular Nerve go to the cerebrum or the cerebellum?

A

cerebellum–> equilibrium!!!!

PNS -- Torgerud (17 decks)

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