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PNS -- Torgerud > Exam 1: Unit 1- CNS Review > Flashcards

Exam 1: Unit 1- CNS Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structrual subdivisions of the NS?

A
  1. CNS

2. PNS

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2
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the PNS include?

A
  • Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)

- Spinal Nerves (31 pairs–mixed)

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4
Q

What type of openings do cranial nerves exit the skull?

A

via patent openings

patent = “open”; cannot change shape so nerve not compressed

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5
Q

Cranial nerves have nucleus of origin and nuclei of termination, what function do they ass. with?

A

nucleus of origin – ass. with motor fxn

nucleus of termination – ass. with sensory fxn

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6
Q

What is the apparent origin of a CN?

A

place on CNS where CN attaches

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7
Q

How are spinal nerves attached to the spinal cord?

A

by ventral (anterior) rootlets and dorsal (posterior) rootlets

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8
Q

What does the dorsal root contain and what info does it carry?

A

contains a dorsal root (spinal) ganglion and carries sensory info going to the cord

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9
Q

What does each spinal nerve split into and what information do they carry?

A

a ventral (anterior) primary ramus and a dorsal (posterior) primary ramus; BOTH carry motor and sensory info

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10
Q

What are the functional subdivisions of the NS?

A
  1. Somatic

2. Visceral

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11
Q

What type of tissue does the somatic subdivision of NS affect and how many neurons are needed and what are the pathways?

A

skeletal muscle; one neuron needed; sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) pathways

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12
Q

What does the somatic motor (efferent) neuron release at the target tissue?

A

ACh = excitatory; technically is a LMN influenced by an UMN

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13
Q

What does the Visceral (autonomic) subdivision of the NS affect?

A
  • controls vital body fxns

- smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue

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14
Q

What are the divisions of the Visceral NS and what nerve or cord levels are ass. with each?

A
  1. Sympathetic Division (T1-L2/L3)

2. Parasympathetic Division (S2,3,4 and CN III, VII, IX, X)

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15
Q

What tissues does the sympathetic NS innervate?

A

heart, lungs, abdominopelvic organs, blood vessels, arrector pili (essentially same as Parasympathetic too)

  • fight or flight
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16
Q

How many efferent neurons are needed for a sympathetic pathway and what are the “lengths” and what NT do they release? Ratio?

A

2 neurons needed:

  • preganglionic neurons = short and releases ACh
  • postganglionic neuron = longer and releases NE
    1: 17
  • -Adrenergic –> NE
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17
Q

T/F. The splanchnic nerves are part of the sympathetic NS.

A

true, but more specific–> there is Greater, Lesser, and Least–> all carry preganglionic axons (exception to the short pre and long post rule)

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18
Q

How many efferent neurons are needed to reach the target tissue for the parasympathetic NS? How “long” are they and what do they release? Ratio?

A

2 neurons needed

  • preganglionic neuron = longer; releases ACh
  • postganglionic neuron = shorter; releases ACh
    1: 2
  • -cholinergic –> ACh
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19
Q

What splanchnic nerves are ass. with the parasympathetic NS?

A

pelvic

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20
Q

For visceral afferents, where are the cell body locations? (for spinal nerves and CNs)

A

spinal nerves cell body = DRG

CN cell body = cranial nerve ganglion

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21
Q

List the CN in order and if they are sensory, motor, or mixed.

A 
I. Olfactory (S)
II. Optic (S)
III. Oculomotor (M)
IV. Trochlear (M)
V. Trigeminal (B)
VI. Abducens (M)
VII. Facial (B)
VIII. Vestibulocochlear (S)
IX. Glossopharyngeal (B)
X. Vagus (B)
XI. Accessory (M)
XII. Hypoglossal (M)
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22
Q

What type of information does the CN I carry?

A

Olfactory N.

- carries special sensory (smell)

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23
Q

Where to fibers in olfactory travel across and then synapse?

A

traverse the cribiform plate and synapse on olfactory bulb

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24
Q

What type of information does CN II carry?

A

Optic N.

- carries special sensory (vision)

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25
Q

Where are fibers from the retina that converge on the optic disc carried next?

A

carried in the optic nerve, chiasma, and tract to the lateral geniculate bodies

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26
Q

What type of information does Oculomotor nerve carry?

A

CN III

- carries motor; and somatic and parasympathetic fibers

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27
Q

What muscles does CN III supply?

A

Oculomotor N.

  • supplies 5 somatic muscles and 2 visceral (smooth) muscles
  • (LR6 SO4 / 3)
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28
Q

What type of fibers does CN IV carry? What does it supply?

A

Trochlear N.

  • carries somatic motor
  • supplies superior oblique muscle
29
Q

What are three unique things about Trochlear N.?

A
  • smallest of CNs, fewest fibers
  • crosses
  • apparent origin on dorsal surface of brain
30
Q

What type of fibers does Trigeminal N carry?

A

CN V

- carries mixed; somatic motor and sensory

31
Q

What nerve is known as “The Great Sensory Nerve of the Face”?

A 
Trigeminal N (CN V)--(unique b/c also is motor)
- including orbit, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, ear, and internal skull
32
Q

T/F. Facial N. is known as the largest CN.

A

False, Trigeminal N is the largest CN

33
Q

What CN has motor supply to muscle of mastication?

A

Trigeminal N (CN V)

  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid
34
Q

What type of fibers does CN VI carry and what does it supply?

A

Abducens N.

- carries motor fibers and supplies lateral rectus muscle

35
Q

What type of fibers does CN VII carry?

A

Facial N.

  • mixed; motor; somatic and parasympathetic–
  • sensory for somatic (general) and special
36
Q

What CN is known was “Nerve of Facial Expression”?

A

CN VII, Facial N

37
Q

What does CN VII (Facial N) supply or carry info back from?

A
  • muscles of facial expression; including stylohyoid and stapedius
  • lacrimal and salivary glands
  • taste info from anterior 2/3 of tongue
38
Q

What type of fibers does Vestibulocochlear N carry?

A

CN VIII

- special sensory–> 2 separate nerves for sensory info from cochlea and vestibule

39
Q

What type of fibers does CN IX carry? (5)

A

Glossopharyngeal N.

  • Mixed; motor;
  • branchiomotor and parasympathetic:
  • sensory; somatic, special and visceral
40
Q

What is the info CN IX carry in, and waht motor supply does it have?

A
  • carries taste info from posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • motor supply to stylopharyngeus
  • parasympathetic supply to parotid gland
41
Q

What CN is known as “the wonderer”?

A

Vagus N.

42
Q

What type of fibers does CN X carry? (5)

A

Vagus N.

  • mixed;
  • motor; bronchiomotor and parasympathetic
  • sensory; somatic, special and visceral
43
Q

Which CN is the longest of all CNs?

A

Vagus N (CN X)

44
Q

What does the Vagus N have motor supply to? parasympathetic supply?

A

Motor– to pharyngeal constrictors

Parasympathetic – to bronchi, heart, and GI tract from esophagus to distal 1/3 of transverse colon

45
Q

What type of fibers does the Accessory N carry?

A

CN XI
- motor
~does contain Cranial and Spinal parts

46
Q

What muscles does the Accessory N supply?

A

Cranial Part–>
muscles of pharynx, larynx, and palate

Spinal Part–> trapezius and SCM

47
Q

What type of fibers does the Hypoglossal N. carry and what does it supply?

A

CN XII
- motor
- supplies intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
NO TASTE

48
Q

What CN goes through the Optic Canal?

A

CN II, Optic N

49
Q

What opening in the skull does the Oculomotor N go through?

A

(CN III), the Superior Orbital Fissure

50
Q

Where does the Olfactory N (CN I) pass through the skull?

A

cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

51
Q

T/F. The Trochlear N leaves the skull via the superior orbital fissure.

A

True

52
Q

Where do the 3 divisions of the Trigeminal N pass through the skull?

A

V1 – Superior orbital fissure
V2 – foramen rotundum
V3 – foramen ovale

53
Q

Where does the Abducens N (CN VI) pass through the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure

54
Q

What two CNs pass through the skull via the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII, Facial N.

CN VIII, Vestibulocochlear N,

55
Q

What CNs pass through the skull via the Jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, Glossopharyngeal N.
CN X, Vagus N.
CN XI, Accessory N.

56
Q

Where does the Hypoglossal N. pass through the skull?

A

via the hypoglossal canal

57
Q

What neurons are involved in the Somatic Motor Pathway?

A

2 neurons:

  • UMN
  • LMN
58
Q

What are the two types of UMNs?

A
  1. Pyramidal

2. Extrapyramidal

59
Q

Where are the cell bodies of Pyramidal neurons located?

A

in cerebral cortex (esp. BMA 4,6,8, even 1,2,3)

60
Q

Where are the cell bodies of extrapyramidal neurons located?

A

in the brain stem

61
Q

What is the pathway the UMNs take when going from the cerebral cortex to the grey matter of cord?

A

descend through corona radiata, internal capsule, crus cerebri–> most cross in pyramids–> and descend in lateral corticospinal tract–> then synapse in anterior horn (primarily Rexed lamina VII) of gray matter

62
Q

Where is the cell body located of a LMN?

A

in anterior horn OR for a CN, in nucleus of origin (both in CNS)

63
Q

What do LMN exit the cord through? and what kind of nerves are they carried in?

A

exit cord via anterior (ventral) rootlets

carried in named nerves to supply somatic (skeletal) muscle

64
Q

How many neurons are used from the trunk and extremities to get from receptor to cerebral cortex in Somatic Sensory input?

A

3 neurons

  • Primary (first order) sensory neuron
  • Secondary (second order) sensory neuron
  • Tertiary (third order) sensory neuron
65
Q

Where are the cell bodies of Primary (first order) sensory neurons located? What info do they carry? Where do they synapse?

A
  • cell bodies are in dorsal root (spinal) ganglion
  • convey info form receptor to CNS
  • synapse in spinal cord (fibers carried in post. columns synapse in M.O.)
66
Q

What does secondary (second order) neurons path look like?

A

decussate (cross) and convey info to thalamus

67
Q

Where do tertiary (third order) neurons relay info to?

A

cerebral cortex (primarily the post central gyrus) where sensory info is integrated

68
Q

Somatic neurons in the PNS will carry either ________ or ____________ .

A

axons of LMN’s or primary (first order) sensory neurons

69
Q

T/F. In the PNS we will see synapses of only autonomic neurons.

A

true

PNS -- Torgerud (17 decks)

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