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behavior disorders > Final exam start: chapter 12 > Flashcards

Final exam start: chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Define personality

A

Thinking and behavior usually remain stable over time

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2
Q

do personality disorders have high or low comorbidity?

A

High comorbidity with other disorders (if it is comorbid, harder to treat) Often more comorbid than not (Often have two or more personality disorders or an additional mood or anxiety disorder)

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3
Q

Prognosis for personality disorders?

A

poor prognosis because you’re trying to change something that usually stays the same/is stable

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4
Q

Do personality disorder patients feel treatment is necessary?

A

no

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5
Q

what are the 2 kinds of models for personality disorders?

A

-categorical: DSM-5
-dimensional: individuals are rated on the degree to which they exhibit various personality traits

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6
Q

five-factor model of personality

A
  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness (how focused you are on doing the right thing)
  3. Extraversion (how outgoing you are)
  4. Agreeableness (how likely you are to just go along with things “yeah thats fine”)
  5. Neuroticism (how likely you are to get stressed from something)

Relatively universal nature of the five dimensions

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7
Q

DSM-5 level of personality functioning scale

A

Self
Identity: a persons knowledge and awareness of self
Self-direction: internal ability to establish and achieve reasonable expectations of themselves, personal goals, and standards of personal conduct

Interpersonal
Empathy: ability to understand another persons experience, including their thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and motivations
Intimacy: desire and ability to form and maintain close, caring, and reciprocal relationships

Key features:
1) impairment: rated for each domain from little impairment to extreme impairment
2) lack of flexibility across situations and time

Professor Gibb likes this better than 5-factor model

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8
Q

prevalence of personality disorders

A

Affects about 10% of the general population

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9
Q

When do personality disorders begin?

A

Thought to begin in childhood (temperment)
Tend to run a chronic course if untreated
May transition into a different personality disorder

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10
Q

What traits do men show more? What about women?

A

Men more often show traits like aggression and detachment; women more often show submission and insecurity (agreeableness). men are more likely to be antisocial

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11
Q

is histronic personality disorder more common in men or women?

A

equal numbers of males and females

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12
Q

What are the personality disorder clusters?

A

Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C

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13
Q

Cluster A traits and personality disorders

A

odd or eccentric
Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorder

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14
Q

Cluster B traits and personality disorders

A

dramatic or erratic
antisocial, borderline, histronic, and narcissistic personality disorder

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15
Q

Cluster C traits and personality disorders

A

anxious or fearful
Avoidants, dependents, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (NOT OCD)

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16
Q

Paranoid personality disorder (Cluster A)

A

Pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion all of the time, few meaningful relationships, sensitive to criticism

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17
Q

Schizoid personality disorder (cluster A)

A

Pattern of detachment from social relationships, very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations
Etiology is unclear but may have significant overlap with autism spectrum disorder
Treatments focus on the value of interpersonal relationships and on building empathy and social skills

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18
Q

Schizotypal (cluster A)

A

Behavior and beliefs odd and unusual, Socially isolated and highly suspicious, Magical thinking, ideas of reference, and illusions (not delusions), Many meet criteria for major depression, resembles a milder form of schizophrenia

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19
Q

what is magical thinking?

A

I can make it start raining outside.

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20
Q

What are ideas of reference?

A

If someone laughs across the room, you think they’re laughing at youand illusions (not delusions)

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21
Q

what are illusions?

A

abnormal perceptional and sensory experiences ex: colors may be lighter or darker to them than the average person and they have trouble with face perception

22
Q

causes of scizotypal

A

Mild expression of “schizophrenia genes”
May be more likely to develop after childhood mistreatment or trauma, especially in men
More generalized brain deficits may be present

23
Q

Treatment for scizotypal

A

Address comorbid depression
Main focus is combination of medication, cognitive behavior therapy, and social skills training

24
Q

causes of paranoid personality disorder

A

may involve early learning that people and the world are dangerous or deceptive
Cultural factors: more often found in people with experiences that lead to mistrust of others (ex: prisoners and refugees: these people are allowed to be paranoid because people are out to get them, but when you are in a safe environment, do you change your views to show that or are you still paranoid?)

25
Q

treatment for paranoid personality disorder

A

Focuses on development of trust and cognitive therapy to counter negative thinking

26
Q

Antisocial personality disorder (APD): Cluster B

A

Failure to comply with social norms, violation of the rights of others, irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful, lack of conscience, empathy, and remorse, callous, and unemotional.
Sociopathy and psychopathy typically refer to very similar traits
May be very charming, interpersonally manipulative
You can be a successful psychopath and stay out of jail or an unsuccessful one and end up in jail (may or may not be violent)

Families with inconsistent parental discipline and support
Families often have histories of criminal and violent behavior

27
Q

What other disorder do people with antisocial personalities typically have earlier in life?

A

conduct disorder and often show early histories of behavioral problems

28
Q

Is psychopathy a reliable predictor of criminality?

A

no it is a less reliable predictor

29
Q

Neurobiological contributions to antisocial personality

A

Underarousal hypothesis: cortical arousal is too low so they seek stimulation from dangerous activities to feel something
Cortical immaturity hypothesis: central cortex is not fully developed
Fearlessness hypothesis: fail to respond to danger cues
Gray’s model: inhibition signals are outweighed by reward signals
Only personality that talks about limbic rather than prefrontal cortex

30
Q

Treatment of APD

A

Few seek treatment on their own
Antisocial behavior is predictive of poor prognosis
Emphasis is placed on prevention and rehabilitation
Often incarceration is the only viable alternative (but if you stick a bunch of antisocial personality disorder criminals, they learn from each other and get worse)
May need to focus on practical (or selfish) consequences (ex: if you assault someone, you’ll go to prison)

31
Q

Causes of APD

A

Genetic influences: if parents have a history of antisocial behavior or criminality

Developmental influences: high conflict childhood increases APD in at-risk children

Impaired fear conditioning: children may not adequately learn to fear adversive consequences of negative actions (ex: punishment for setting fires)

Psychological and social influences: psychopaths are less likely to give up when goal becomes unattainable, which may explain why they persist with behavior (ex: crime) that is punished

Early antisocial behavior alienates peers who would otherwise serve as corrective role models. Antisocial behavior and family stress mutually increase one another

32
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Cluster B

A

Unstable moods and relationships
Impulsivity, fear of abandonment, very poor self-image
suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviors

33
Q

what is comorbid with BPD?

A

Comorbidity rates are high with other mental disorders, particularly mood disorders, substance use disorders and eating disorders

34
Q

Risk factors for BPD

A

Strong genetic component
High emotional reactivity may be inherited
May have impaired functioning of limbic system
Early trauma/abuse increases risk

Triple vulnerability model
- Generalized biological vulnerability
- Generalized psychological vulnerability
- Specific psychological vulnerability

35
Q

Linehans biopsychosocial model

A

suggests that BPD is primarily a dysfunction of the emotional regulation system

36
Q

BPD treatment

A

Antidepressant medications provide some short-term relief
Dialectical behavior therapy is most promising treatment: focus on dual reality of acceptance of difficulties and need for change, focus on interpersonal effectiveness, focus on distress tolerance to decrease reckless/self-harming behavior

37
Q

components of DBT

A

Individual therapy: keeps the person alive; helps them have a life worth living
Phone consults: only to coach through coping strategies
Group therapy: mindfulness, emotion regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, distress tolerance
Support group for therapists: prevent burnout

38
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder (Cluster B)

A

Overly dramatic and sensational
May be sexually provacative
Often impulsive and need to be the center of attention
Thinking and emotions are perceived as shallow
More commonly diagnosed in females

39
Q

Causes of histrionic personality disorder

A

Etiology unknown due to lack of research
Often co-occurs with antisocial PD, suggesting it may be a sex-typed variant

40
Q

Treatment for histrionic personality disorder

A

Focus on attention seeking and long-term negative consequences
Targets may also include problematic interpersonal behaviors
Little evidence that treatment is effective

41
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Cluster B)

A

Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance
* Preoccupation with receiving attention
* Lack sensitivity and compassion for other people
* Highly sensitive to criticism; envious and arrogant

42
Q

Causes of narcissistic personality disorder

A

Causes are largely unknown
Failure to learn empathy as a child
Sociological view: product of the “me” generation

43
Q

Treatment for narcissistic personality disorder

A

Focus on grandiosity, lack of empathy, unrealistic thinking
Emphasize realistic goals and coping skills for dealing with criticism
Little evidence that treatment is effective

44
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder (Cluster C)

A

Extreme sensitivity to the options of others
Highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships
Interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection
Low self-esteem

45
Q

Causes of Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

May be linked to schizophrenia; occurs more often in relatives of people with schizophrenia
Experiences of early rejection
Childhood experiences of neglect, isolation, rejection, and conflict with others

46
Q

treatment for Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

Similar to treatment for social phobia
Focus on social skills, entering anxiety-provoking situations
good relationship with therapist is important

47
Q

Dependent personality disorder (Cluster C)

A

Reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions
Unreasonable fear of abandonment
Clingy and submissive in interpersonal relationships
Causes: not well understood but may be linked to failure to learn independence
Treatment options: therapy typically progresses gradually due to lack of independence

48
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (Cluster C)

A

Excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way
Highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow
Unwilling to delegate tasks because others will do them wrong
Difficulty with spontaneity
Often have interpersonal problems
Obsessions and compulsions are rare

49
Q

causes of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

Causes are not well known
Moderate genetic contribution

50
Q

treatment of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

Targets cognitive reappraisal techniques to reframe compulsive thoughts
Target rumination and feelings of inadequacy

51
Q

is OCD the same as obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A

no

behavior disorders (8 decks)

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