Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

behavior disorders > Chapter 14: Neurodevelopmental disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Neurodevelopmental disorders Flashcards

1
Q

when are neurodevelopmental disorders first diagnosed?

A

in infancy, childhood, or adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some neurodevelopmental disorders

A
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder*
  • Specific learning disorder*
  • Autism spectrum disorder*
  • Intellectual disability
  • Communication and motor disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

developmental psychopathology

A

Study of how disorders arise and change with time
Disruption of early skills can affect later development
Caution: do not excessively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what should you consider in addressing abnormal and normal development?

A

The age and environment of the child. Be sure to not pathologize childhood behavior that is part of normal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

childhood-onset fluency disorder

A

Stuttering occurs 2x more often in boys than girls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

language disorder

A

limited speech in all situations occurs in 10 to 15% of children younger than 3 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Social (pragmatic) communication disorder

A

It is a language disorder. Difficulties with the social aspects of verbal and nonverbal communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

tourettes disorder

A

motor and vocal tics, high comorbidity with ADHD and OCD, not uncommon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

Central features are inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity
Associated with behavioral, cognitive, social, and academic impairments
Shows in early childhood and can continue into adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 subtypes of ADHD

A
  • Predominantly inattentive
    presentation
  • Predominantly hyperactive/
    impulsive presentation
  • Combined presentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

prevalence of ADHD

A

Occurs in 5% of school aged children throughout the world
ADHD most commonly diagnosed in the US, but prevalence is constant throughout the world
5-9% in the general population meet criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ADHD gender differences

A

boys outnumber girls 3:1
Some suggest girls symptoms are less likely to be disruptive, thus less likely to be diagnosed (underdiagnosed in girls), girls are usually less likely to have the hyperactive presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Course of ADHD, when does it start? Is it chronic?

A

Symptoms usually appear at 3 or 4
Half of the children with ADHD will have it into adulthood
Impulsivity decreases but inattention remains
Brain development progresses in a more typical fashion in children receiving medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of ADHD

A

Genetic influence is high; it runs in families
The DAT1-dopamine transporter gene has been implicated, as have norepinephrine, GABA, and serotonin. Multiple genes influence it

Neurobiological correlates of ADHD
Smaller brain volume
Inactivity of the frontal cortex and basal ganglia
Abnormal frontal lobe development and functioning

The role of toxins
Food additives may play a very small role in hyperactive/impulsive behavior among children (eating cereal or a food dye won’t cause this)
Maternal smoking increases risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is off with brain development in ADHD individuals?

A

ADHD represents a delay, not a deviation, in brain development (the brain develops slower). The brain develops from the back to the front; the prefrontal cortex is still developing into the early 20s; it’s the last step in brain development. They are 2 years behind kids who don’t have ADHD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

psychosocial contributions ADHD

A

Children with ADHD are often viewed negatively by others, leading to frequent negative feedback from peers and adults

Peer rejection and resulting social isolation may lead to low self-esteem (therefore increased risk for depression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the goal of biological treatments for ADHD?

A

reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity, improve attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

biological treatment of ADHD

A

Stimulant medications: currently prescribed for 3.5% of American children, newer non stimulant medications are also available.
Genes affect individuals responses to medications so some trial and error is necessary

Effects of medications:
Improve attention/focus (Doesn’t get you better grades, just allows you to focus better)
Decrease negative behaviors
Benefits are not lasting following discontinuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Behavioral and combined treatment of ADHD

A

Children: reinforcement programs increase appropriate behaviors, decrease inappropriate behaviors may also involve parent training

Adults: cognitive behavioral therapy to increase attention and organization

Combine bio-psycho-social treatments: May be superior to medication or behavioral treatments alone, but more research is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What medications are used for ADHD?

A

Ritalin or adderall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Specific Learning disorders

A

Academic problems in reading, math, or writing

Perform substantially below expected levels based on age or demonstrated capacity

Problems persist for 6 or more months despite targeted intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

prevalence of specific learning disorders

A

5-15% of kids. More commonly seen in wealthy areas because they have more resources to get the help they need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the most common specific learning disorder?

A

Reading difficulties most common affects 7% of the population

24
Q

students with specific learning disabilities are more likely to…

A

Have negative school experiences
Drop out of school
Be unemployed
Have suicidal thoughts

25
Q

Causes of specific learning disorders

A

Genetic and neurobiological contributions:
Learning disorders run in families but specific difficulties are not inherited

Evidence for subtle neurological difficulties is mounting (decreased functioning in areas responsible for word recognition)

Psychosocial contributions: some languages are more difficult to read so have higher rates of reading impairment

26
Q

Treatments for specific learning disorders

A

requires intense educational interventions : Remediation of basic processing problems, cognitive skills, and compensatory strategies

Data support behavioral educational interventions

Biological interventions (e.g., Ritalin) usually used only for those
individuals who also have ADHD

27
Q

what is the prevalence of specific learning disorders throughout the US?

A

Prevalence differs across the United States and differs state by state. This is due to not as much attention being drawn to this disorder and variability in the resources available for diagnosis

28
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Problems occur in language, socialization, and cognition

Pervasive: problems span many areas of life

Two main areas of impairment
1. Communication and social interaction. 10-33% dont acquire effective speech
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities
Includes what used to be termed autistic disorder, aspbergers disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder (regression in functioning) and Rett disorder (genetic disorder associated with MeCP2 gene)

Three levels of severity based on the amount of support needed

29
Q

What do people with autism have a deficit in?

A

joint attention: the ability to communicate interest in an external stimulus and another person at the same time

30
Q

what do people with autism have trouble with?

A

Defining characteristic: failure to develop age-appropriate social relationships

Trouble initiating and maintaining relationships

Trouble with nonverbal communication

May lack appropriate expressions, tone

Trouble with social reciprocity (joint attention)

31
Q

Do people with autism need a routine?

A

yes they prefer the status quo which is hard on the family because dynamics change

32
Q

typical autistic behaviors, both severe and less severe

A

Severe forms: stereotyped or ritualistic behavior
Ex: spinning, waving hands, rocking

Less severe forms: intense, circumscribed interest in very specific subjects. Having restricted areas of interest may compound difficulties relating to others

33
Q

is autism rare? What is causing this rise in numbers? Which gender is it more commonly seen in? Is there comorbidity?

A

No 1 in 68 8-year-old children meets criteria
* Majority of recent rise in rates due to changes in diagnostic criteria

  • More commonly diagnosed in males. Gender ratio: 4-5 to 1
  • 31% also have intellectual disabilities
34
Q

does bad parenting have a large effect on autism?

A

genes have more of an effect

35
Q

economic status and IQ of parents with children who have autism

A

high socioeconomic status and high IQ

36
Q

Is autism a lack of self-awareness?

A

No, some individuals do have self-awareness

37
Q

if you have one child with autism, what are the chances the second child will have it as well?

A

20%

38
Q

is one gene responsible for autism?

A

no multiple are

39
Q

does age of parents increase autism risk?

A

yes older parents increase risk, the amygdala is larger at birth

40
Q

do vaccines cause autism

A

no

41
Q

does medical intervention help autism

A

Medical intervention has had little positive impact on core dysfunction and there are no biological treatments for autism

42
Q

treatments for autism

A

Skill building in communication and socialization

Reduce problem behaviors

Naturalistic teaching strategies: at home in the community in addition to at school with (ex: child-initiated activities)

Early intervention, education, and psychological support are critical

43
Q

Intellectual disability (Intellectual Development Disorder)

A

Below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning

First evident in childhood

Range of impairment varies greatly
IQ typically below 70 to 75 (average person is 100)

44
Q

intellectual disability stats, prevalence? Is it chronic? Prognosis?

A

Prevalence: 1-3% of general population: 9 in 10 people with ID have mild impairment (IQ 50 to 70)

Chronic course

Highly variable individual prognosis
Independence is possible for many individuals with mild impairment when provided with appropriate resources

45
Q

Intellectual disability examples

A

Down syndrome, fragile XLesch-Nyhan syndrome, and Phenylketonuria (PKU)

46
Q

name the 2 chromosomal disorders

A

Down syndrome and Fragile X

47
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

A

Intellectual disability, symptoms of cerebral palsy, self-injurious behavior

48
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Cannot break down phenylalanine, which is found in some foods

Results in intellectual disability when the individual eats phenylalanine

49
Q

down syndrome

A

Most common chromosomal cause of intellectual disability

Extra 21 st chromosome (Trisomy 21)

Distinctive physical symptoms

50
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

Symptoms include learning disabilities, hyperactivity, short attention span, gaze avoidance, and perseverative speech

Primarily affects males

51
Q

Cultural-familial intellectual disability

A

Refers to intellectual disability
influenced by social environmental factors, such as:
Abuse
Neglect
Social deprivation

These factors likely interact with existing biological factors

Very rare today because of better child-care systems and early
identification of at-risk families

52
Q

Treatment of Intellectual Disability

A

Goals are similar across severity; level of assistance differs
* Behavioral interventions teach:
* Basic self-care skills
* Social skills
* Practical skills

53
Q

Today intellectual disability is diagnosed based on IQ. T or F

A

false that was in the past now functioning and need for support are also considered

54
Q

Most people with intellectual disabilities are severely affected and need residential care. T or F.

A

False 90% are mildly affected and live normal lives

55
Q

Prevention of Neurodevelopmental disorders

A

Early interventions for at-risk children:

Head Start Program: Educational, medical (e.g., nutritional), and social
support
Future directions: Genetic screening
Detection and correction
Prenatal gene therapy

behavior disorders (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions