chapter 9

Question 1

behavioral medicine

Answer 1

Knowledge derived from behavioral science is applied to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems

Question 2

health psychology

Answer 2

Subfield of behavioral medicine involving study of psychological factors that promote and maintain health as well as health care systems and health policy

Question 3

What is the50% of the leading causes of death in the U.S. are linked to behavioral/lifestyle patterns

Answer 3

Smoking, Eating habits, Lack of exercise, Ineffective injury control

Question 4

stress

Answer 4

increases vulnerability for developing physical and mental
health problems

Question 5

General adaptation syndrome (GAS):

Answer 5

theory of stress response
* Alarm response
* Resistance: attempt to cope with stress
* Exhaustion: body suffers damage

Question 6

what happens to your immune system when you are stressed

Answer 6

More likely to catch a cold if you have been under more stress in the past year, early life stress contributes to inflammation in adulthood

Question 7

Behavioral medicine is a subfield of health psychology. True or False

Answer 7

false

Question 8

Stress causes a decrease in the release of cortisol. true or false

Answer 8

false

Question 9

Chronic stress can make it more difficult for the hippocampus to turn off the stress response.

Answer 9

true

Question 10

what is aids caused by

Answer 10

HIV

Question 11

do aids symptoms appear right away?

Answer 11

no they may appear years after infection

Question 12

AIDS related complex

Answer 12

minor symptoms such as weight loss and fever

Question 13

when do most people usually die from AIDS

Answer 13

within 1 year of developing it

Question 14

best AIDS treatment

Answer 14

highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)—not a cure

Question 15

what is the primary source transmission of AIDS in the US and other countries?

Answer 15

in the us homosexual sex in other countries heterosexual sex

Question 16

Does stress and low support exacerbate aids?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

what does stress management do for AIDS

Answer 17

reduced levels of anger, anxiety, and stress, and increased T-helper cells

Question 18

psycho-oncology

Answer 18

study of psychological factors in cancer. Psychological and behavioral contributions to the etiology and course
of cancer
* Perceived lack of control
* Maladaptive coping responses
* Stressful life events
* Life-style risk behaviors

Question 19

cancer and psychosocial treatments

Answer 19

can improve
Health habits
Treatment adherence
Endocrine function
Stress response/coping
May lead increase likelihood of remission and decrease mortality

Question 20

what effects blood pressure

Answer 20

personality, coping style, and level of stress

Question 21

what personality type is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 21

Type A behavior patterns: Cluster of behaviors including excessive competitiveness, time-pressured impatience, accelerated speech, and anger

Question 22

acute pain

Answer 22

Pain that typically follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated.

Question 23

chronic pain

Answer 23

Enduring pain that does not decrease over time; may occur in muscles, joints, and the lower back, and may be caused by enlarged blood vessels or degenerating or cancerous tissue. Other significant factors are social and psychological.
May be caused by an acute episode but it does not decrease over time

Question 24

pain behaviors

Answer 24

changing the way one sits or walks, continually complaining about pain to others, grimacing, and, most important, avoiding various activities, particularly those involving work or leisure.

Question 25

gate control theory of pain

Answer 25

Neurological processes (e.g., anxiety, fear, intense concentration) affect the degree to which pain is detected

Question 26

endogenous opiods

Answer 26

pain-inhibiting natural chemicals that may be increased by exercise

Question 27

which gender has more pain regulation mechanisms

Answer 27

females to facilitate childbirth

Question 28

chronic fatigue syndrome

Answer 28

Lack of energy and marked fatigue that does not improve with adequate sleep
* More common in females than males
* Incidence increasing in Western countries
* Often severe enough that it is difficult to work

Question 29

what are the causes of chronic fatigue syndrome

Answer 29

unknown no biological or viral cause, may be a response to stress

Question 30

treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome

Answer 30

medication is ineffective; CBT may help

Question 31

biofeedback

Answer 31

Monitor and control bodily responses that they can not normally access
* Heart rate
* Blood pressure
* Muscle tension
* EEG rhythms
* Increase sense of control
* Improves patient’s ability to control bodily processes

Question 32

relaxation and meditation

Answer 32

muscle relaxation, transcendental meditation: focus on a repeated term, increased sense of control, may improve headaches, hypertension, and acute and chronic pain

Question 33

drugs and stress reduction

Answer 33

Medication may decrease efficacy of comprehensive programs
* High relapse when stopped
* Tolerance may be built over time

Question 34

denial as a means of coping

Answer 34

In some circumstances, denial about the seriousness of a physical
condition can be helpful
* Especially helpful at early stages of the disease
* Later, it is more helpful to face the situation and process emotions
fully

Question 35

Stanford three community study

Answer 35

Goals: reduce risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), modifying behaviors to improve health