chapter 9 Flashcards
behavioral medicine
Knowledge derived from behavioral science is applied to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems
health psychology
Subfield of behavioral medicine involving study of psychological factors that promote and maintain health as well as health care systems and health policy
What is the50% of the leading causes of death in the U.S. are linked to behavioral/lifestyle patterns
Smoking, Eating habits, Lack of exercise, Ineffective injury control
stress
increases vulnerability for developing physical and mental
health problems
General adaptation syndrome (GAS):
theory of stress response
* Alarm response
* Resistance: attempt to cope with stress
* Exhaustion: body suffers damage
what happens to your immune system when you are stressed
More likely to catch a cold if you have been under more stress in the past year, early life stress contributes to inflammation in adulthood
Behavioral medicine is a subfield of health psychology. True or False
false
Stress causes a decrease in the release of cortisol. true or false
false
Chronic stress can make it more difficult for the hippocampus to turn off the stress response.
true
what is aids caused by
HIV
do aids symptoms appear right away?
no they may appear years after infection
AIDS related complex
minor symptoms such as weight loss and fever
when do most people usually die from AIDS
within 1 year of developing it
best AIDS treatment
highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)—not a cure
what is the primary source transmission of AIDS in the US and other countries?
in the us homosexual sex in other countries heterosexual sex
Does stress and low support exacerbate aids?
yes
what does stress management do for AIDS
reduced levels of anger, anxiety, and stress, and increased T-helper cells
psycho-oncology
study of psychological factors in cancer. Psychological and behavioral contributions to the etiology and course
of cancer
* Perceived lack of control
* Maladaptive coping responses
* Stressful life events
* Life-style risk behaviors
cancer and psychosocial treatments
can improve
Health habits
Treatment adherence
Endocrine function
Stress response/coping
May lead increase likelihood of remission and decrease mortality
what effects blood pressure
personality, coping style, and level of stress
what personality type is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease?
Type A behavior patterns: Cluster of behaviors including excessive competitiveness, time-pressured impatience, accelerated speech, and anger
acute pain
Pain that typically follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated.
chronic pain
Enduring pain that does not decrease over time; may occur in muscles, joints, and the lower back, and may be caused by enlarged blood vessels or degenerating or cancerous tissue. Other significant factors are social and psychological.
May be caused by an acute episode but it does not decrease over time
pain behaviors
changing the way one sits or walks, continually complaining about pain to others, grimacing, and, most important, avoiding various activities, particularly those involving work or leisure.
gate control theory of pain
Neurological processes (e.g., anxiety, fear, intense concentration) affect the degree to which pain is detected
endogenous opiods
pain-inhibiting natural chemicals that may be increased by exercise
which gender has more pain regulation mechanisms
females to facilitate childbirth
chronic fatigue syndrome
Lack of energy and marked fatigue that does not improve with adequate sleep
* More common in females than males
* Incidence increasing in Western countries
* Often severe enough that it is difficult to work
what are the causes of chronic fatigue syndrome
unknown no biological or viral cause, may be a response to stress
treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome
medication is ineffective; CBT may help
biofeedback
Monitor and control bodily responses that they can not normally access
* Heart rate
* Blood pressure
* Muscle tension
* EEG rhythms
* Increase sense of control
* Improves patient’s ability to control bodily processes
relaxation and meditation
muscle relaxation, transcendental meditation: focus on a repeated term, increased sense of control, may improve headaches, hypertension, and acute and chronic pain
drugs and stress reduction
Medication may decrease efficacy of comprehensive programs
* High relapse when stopped
* Tolerance may be built over time
denial as a means of coping
In some circumstances, denial about the seriousness of a physical
condition can be helpful
* Especially helpful at early stages of the disease
* Later, it is more helpful to face the situation and process emotions
fully
Stanford three community study
Goals: reduce risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), modifying behaviors to improve health
