Chapter 11 Flashcards
substance use
taking moderate amounts of a substance in a way that doesn’t interfere with functioning
substance intoxication
physical reaction to a substance. Vary across people from mild to extreme
substance dependence
may be defined by tolerance and withdrawal
tolerance
getting less effect from the same amount of drug that you usually use or taking more to get the same effect
withdrawal
physical response when substance is discontinued after regular use
what are the 5 main categories of substances?
Depressants : Behavioral sedation
Stimulants : Increase alertness and elevate mood and more energy
Opiates: Produce analgesia (pain relief) and euphoria
Hallucinogens: Alter sensory perception (LSD)
Other drugs of abuse: Inhalants and anabolic steroids
depressants
Alcohol-Related Disorders
- Psychological and physiological effects of alcohol
- central nervous system depressant
- Influence several neurotransmitters
- Specific target is GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)
delirium tremens
hallucinations and body tremors that occur when alcohol withdraws
what does long term alcohol use lead to
Dementia
Wernicke korsakoff syndrome: confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech
does alcohol cause violence?
Drinking does not cause violence but may increase the likelihood of impulsive behavior
sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics
Sedatives: calming (barbiturates)
Hypnotic: sleep inducing
Anxiolytic: anxiety reducing (benzodiazepines). people who seek help with these are usually women over the age of 35
stimulants
Most widely consumed drug in the U.S. due to caffeine (coffee, energy drinks, soft drinks) and nicotine (tobacco)
Increase alertness and energy
Examples include amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine
effects of amphetamines (stimulants)
Produce elation, vigor, reduce fatigue, followed by extreme fatigue and depression
effects of cocaine (stimulant)
Short lived sensations of elation, vigor, reduced fatigue
Effects result from blocking the reuptake of dopamine
Rebounds with extreme fatigue and depression because people aren’t sleeping
what percentage of Americans use caffeine?
Used by over 85% of Americans
Found in tea, coffee, cola drinks and cocoa products
Small doses elevate mood and reduce fatigue, regular use can result in tolerance/dependence
what are opiods often referred to as?
analgesics
opiate
natural chemical in the opium poppy with narcotic effects
opioids
natural and synthetic substances with narcotic effects
which drug class causes the worst withdrawals
Opioids they’re very dangerous to quit cold turkey
can you build a tolerance to cannabis
evidence is contradictory Evidence of both tolerance & reverse tolerance
hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are altered sensory perceptions (seeing or hearing things that arent there)
Can also produce delusions, paranoia
LSD, psilocybin (mushrooms), mescaline (from peyote), PCP
Tolerance builds quickly, but resets after brief periods of abstinence
inhalants
Highest use during early adolescence
Found in volatile solvents
Breathed into the lungs directly
Rapid absorption
Examples: spray paint, hair spray, paint thinner, gasoline, nitrous oxide
Effects are similar to alcohol intoxication
Produce tolerance and prolonged withdrawal symptoms
Multiple negative psychological effects
Damage to bone marrow, kidneys, liver, brain
steroids
Derived from testosterone
Used medicinally or to increase body mass
No associated high
Rather, dependence involves wanting to maintain the effects of the substance (increased muscle mass)
Can increase risk for heart attacks, stroke, liver tumors, kidney failure, and psychiatric problems (ex: depression)
Stopping chronic use can also increase depression, leading to relapse
More common in guys
agonist substitution
safer drug with a similar chemical composition as the abused drug (ex: methadone for heroin and other opiates, nicotine patch for smoking
antagonist drugs
drugs that block or counteract the positive and negative effects of substances (ex: naltrexone for opiates)
aversive treatment
drugs that make use of substances extremely unpleasant (Antabuse for alcohol)
when should impatient treatment be used
detox, relapse is more likely to occur if only impatient treatment is used
intermittent explosive disorder
rare condition characterized by frequent aggressive outbursts leading to injury and/or destruction of property
Kleptomania:
failure to resist urge to steal unnesseary items
Dusorder may be more common in women than men and typically starts in adolescence
Comorbid with mood disorders and substance use disorders
Rare
Pyromania
involves having an irresistible urge to set fires
Rare even among convicted arsonists
Treatment usually focuses on identifying urges and practicing imcompatible behaviors
Different from being an arsonist
gambling disorder is linked to what other disorder
substance use disorder because they target the same neurotransmitter: dopamine
can you build tolerance when it comes to gambling
yes needing to increase the amount that is being bet
what group has the highest gambling rates
college students males
