Final Exam Short Answer

Question 1

5 social determinants of Indigenous health.

Answer 1

1. Health behaviours (smoking)
2. Socio-cultural (stolen generation)
3. Racism
4. Socioeconomic disadvantage (Household income & Education)
5. Socioeconomic disadvantage (access to health care)

Question 2

Health behaviour (smoking) (hint: 4 points)

Answer 2

• risk factor that greatly impacts health of Indigenous.
• largest preventable cause of death and disease.
• prevalence is double w/ greater impact
• underlies the higher rates of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases

Question 3

stolen generations (hint: 4 points)

Answer 3

• affected suffer wide range of mental health and social problems
• increased rates of depression, self-harm and suicide
• increased harmful consumption of alcohol and other drugs, DV, child abuse and disadvantage (additional)
• these unresolved issues contribute to continuing poor social and emotional well-being

Question 4

SES disadvantage: household income, education (hint: 3)

Answer 4

• average weekly household income significantly lower
• lower amount complete year 10 and 12, and lower amount attend TAFE or have uni degree.
• socioeconomic disadvantage creates greater risk of exposure to behavioural and environmental health risk factors

Question 5

SES disadvantage: access to health (hint: 2)

Answer 5

• do not enjoy equal access to primary health care and health infrastructure (safe drinking water, effective water sewerage, rubbish collection services, healthy housing)
• higher proportion of indig. households living in condiitons that don’t support good health.

Question 6

racism (hint: 2)

Answer 6

• key determinant of ill-health
• report negative treatment because of race = more likely to have poorer mental, physical and self-reported general health

Question 7

Q2: impairment vs. disability STRUCTURE (hint: 6)

Answer 7

1. define impairment and compare to disability (provide example)
2. social model of disability and its association to deinstitutionalisation
3. theory of deinstitutionalisation.
4. remains of social apartheid
5. social exclusion
6. negative outcomes of social exclusion

Question 8

Impairment vs. disability

Answer 8

• impairment refers to physical or mental condition that affects functioning
• disability: what society makes of someone’s impairment (environment designed for wheelchairs, disabling aspects of mobility limitations minimised)

Question 9

social model of disability and deinstitutionalisation

Answer 9

model associated w/ deinstitutionalisation of disability services and the closure of large institutions that provided treatment and care

Question 10

theory and aim of deinstitutionalisation

Answer 10

break down the barriers and integrate mentally ill into community

Question 11

form of social apartheid remains

Answer 11

while mainstreaming of disability services has existed for over 2 decades, it is argued that a form of social apartheid remains, even though people w/ disabilities are no longer physically segregated from the rest of the population (social exclusion)

Question 12

social exclusion

there remain..

Answer 12

many symbolic, physical and social barriers that create isolation and social exclusion, preventing normal existence

Question 13

what negative outcomes of social exclusion

Answer 13

• reflected in a range of negative outcomes
• low incomes, poor health, difficulties in establishing intimate relationships and friendships, and weak labour market participation

Question 14

Q3: public health vs. medical advances STRUCTURE (hint: 4)

Answer 14

1. define medical advances in relation to biomedical model.
2. public health initiatives and social medicine/public health movement
3. historical example
4. contemporary examples

Question 15

Medical advances relate to?

Answer 15

biomedical model

• illness is a malfunction of the body’s biological mechanisms.
• focus on treating individual and generally ignores social origins of illness and its prevention

Question 16

public health initiatives refer to?

Answer 16

historically, social medicine and the public health movement

Question 17

what is social medicine and public health movement

Answer 17

recognition that the social environment played a significant role in the spread of disease
- infectious diseases that afflicted individuals had social origins that necessitated social reforms to prevent their onset

Question 18

historical example of public health initiative

Answer 18

‘sanitary idea’ that disease could be prevented through improved waste disposal and sewerage systems.

Question 19

contemporary public health initiatives

Answer 19

slip, slop, slap, compulsory seat belts, anti-smoking, indigenous behaviour targeting to minimise cardiovascular disease

Question 20

Q4: rural/remote health 2 structural factors STRUCTURE (hint: 5).

Answer 20

1. primary industries being mechanised and effect
2. agricultural sector and its problems
3. effect of downturn in agricultural vitality
4. health status and increasing distance form urban areas
5. fewer doctors per capita and access etc.

Question 21

mechanisation of primary industries (2 points)

Answer 21

• less human effort required to produce same outputs

- in towns where large proportion work in same industry, closure of single mine/sawmill can have long-lasting effects.

Question 22

agricultural sector problems

Answer 22

-declining farm incomes, farm amalgamation and enlargement and the outmigration of the agricultural population

Question 23

downturn in agricultural vitality

Answer 23

• diminishing farm incomes can increase local unemployment, which can prompt people to leave in search of work, resulting in depopulation that can prompt the closure of hospitals, schools, banks and other services
• further diminishes the viability and appeal of community

Question 24

health status and increasing distance from urban areas

Answer 24

• health status decreases
• uneven geographic distribution of aust. healthcare workforce.
• fewer doctors per capita in rural and remote areas in comparison.
• accessing preventative or curative services may necessitate time consuming, costly, and inconvenient travel.